CHAPTER 8 BOND MARKETS

Copyright© 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Capital Markets Capital market securities are long term securities issued to finance capital goods/projects to lock in the cost of borrowing for the life of the project. Capital market securities are not highly marketable. Therefore, the interest rates of capital market securities are higher than those of money market securities. Copyright© 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright© 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Capital Markets Economic purpose - brings together long-term (over 1 year) borrowers and investors. Major Issuers (borrowers) Households - mortgages. Business - bonds and stock Governments - federal, state, and local bonds. Major Investors Households (directly or indirectly through financial intermediaries). Foreign investors. Copyright© 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Types of Capital Market Claims Corporate stock. Bonds. Mortgages. Copyright© 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

U.S. Treasury and Agency Securities U.S. Government Issues - Notes and Bonds Coupon issues: involve coupon rate usually paid semiannually. Notes - one to ten-year maturity. Bonds - over ten-year maturity. Sold in auction by the Treasury Department. Notes and bonds have become a less important financing vehicle because the trend is toward more short-term market financing and less long-term financing. Copyright© 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

U.S. Treasury and Agency Securities (continued) Inflation-Indexed Notes and Bonds (TIPS) Principal adjusts for inflation Fixed coupon rate determined by auction process Minimum denomination is $1,000. Designed to protect investments against inflation. Example: Consider an investor who purchases a 10-years TIP with an original principal of $100,000, a 3% coupon rate paid semiannually. If the semiannual inflation rate during the first 6 months is 1%, how much will be the first coupon payment? Copyright© 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

U.S. Treasury and Agency Securities (continued) Separate Trading of Registered Interest and Principal (STRIP). Each coupon and principal of a U.S. Treasury note or bond is sold separately by a dealer. Each separated security is a zero-coupon bond. Dealers engage in creating STRIPs created because investors value zero-coupon default risk-free securities and are willing to pay more for STRIPs than underlying bonds. Strips can be used to manage interest rate risk as they are zero coupon bond, if it is held to maturity, you get rid of price risk and it already does not have reinvestment risk as it is a zero coupon bond. Example: A 10- year Treasury note consists of 1 principal payment and 20 semiannual coupon payments. If this note is STRIP, 21 separate securities are created. Copyright© 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

State and Local Government Bonds Known as municipal bonds or munis Types of Municipal Bonds General Obligation (GO) bond - backed by taxing power of political entity. Issued to provide basic services such as education and health-care. Revenue bond - financed and paid back with cash flows from a specific project. Issued to finance revenue-producing projects such as barking facilities. Copyright© 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

State and Local Government Bonds Industrial Development Bonds (IDB) - public financing of private business. Mortgage-backed bonds – issued to fund homes for low- and moderate-income people. Because of the abuses of IDB and mortgage-backed bonds, government has restricted the uses of them. Copyright© 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Municipal Bonds (continued) The Relation between Municipals and Taxable Yields Interest on municipal bonds is exempt from federal income tax. Munis and taxable corporate bonds are similar except for the taxation of interest. The yield on municipals equals the yield on taxables times one minus the marginal tax rate. im = it (1-T) Copyright© 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright© 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Corporate vs. Muni Bond An investor has the choice of an AA-rated corporate bond with a yield of 6% or an AA-rated muni yielding 4%. If the investor has a marginal tax rate of 30%, which bond should he/she select? Copyright© 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Corporate vs. Muni-Bond The after-tax rate on the corporate is 6%(1 - 0.3) = 4.2% > 4% on the muni bond or The pretax equivalent rate on the muni bond would be 4%/(1 - 0.3) = 5.7% < 6% on the corporate  Select the corporate bond! Copyright© 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Municipal Bonds (continued) Three groups of investors in municipal bonds whose demands are affected by their high federal tax exposure are: Households - affected by income level and marginal tax rates. Casualty insurance companies – Demand for munis is determined by industry profitability and the need to obtain munis. Commercial banks – demand for munis is influenced by the ability to deduct from the taxable income the interest on debt used to purchase munis. Copyright© 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Municipal Bonds (continued) The Market for Municipal Bonds Primary market. Many individual smaller issuers. Underwritten by investment bankers from local to national markets. Most general obligation (GO) bonds are sold by competitive bid. Secondary market not well-developed - OTC market made by dealers. thin secondary markets lead to larger bid-ask spreads. limited marketability leads to higher yields Copyright© 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright© 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Corporate Bonds Debt contracts (indentures) require borrowers to make periodic payments of interest and repay principal, usually $1,000, at maturity date. Types of ownership record Bearer bonds - coupon bond owned by bearer. Registered bonds - owner noted by records. Maturity Term bonds - all bonds mature on one date. Serial bonds - bonds in the issue mature on different dates. Most munis are serial issues. Copyright© 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright© 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The Bond Indenture Indenture: legal contract states the rights, privileges and obligations of the bond issuer and the bondholder. Indenture specifies the Collateral in event of default: Mortgage bond - real assets pledged. Equipment trust certificates - specific, titled, or identifiable equipment. Collateral bonds - secured by financial assets. Debentures - unsecured bonds. Copyright© 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

The Bond Indenture (concluded) Claim on assets can be either: Senior debt - first priority to general assets. Subordinated - asset claim ranking of unsecured debentures below senior or specific general creditors. Corporate bonds can have provisions: Sinking fund – instead of paying the entire principal of a bond at maturity, the issuer can provide funds to another company which retires a portion of the issue annually. The retirements of the bonds could be by purchasing them in open market or calling them. Call provision - borrower right to retire bond before maturity. Convertible bonds - are bonds that can be converted to another security at the discretion of the bondholder. Copyright© 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Investors in Corporate Bonds Major investors include: Life insurance companies. Pension funds. Households. Foreign Investors. Investor requirements: Long-term investment horizon. Liquidity not always needed - hold to maturity. Safety - investment grade. Tax considerations. Copyright© 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Market for Corporate Bonds Public sale - open to all interested buyers through investment banks. Competitive sale - public auction among underwriters. Negotiated sale - underwriting contract signed with specific underwriters. in negotiated sale the investment bank provides the origination and advising services as part of the negotiated package, while in the competitive sale the investment bank does not provide these services and this is he main difference between the two methods. Copyright© 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Market for Corporate Bonds Private placement - sold to limited number (< 35) of sophisticated buyers. private placements have increased relative to public sale. when interest rates are high and/or when capital market conditions are unstable, private placements increase. Most secondary trading of corporate bonds occurs through dealers vs. exchanges. the volume of trading is low – a thin market, thus there is a wide bid/ask differential in the market. corporate bonds are less marketable than money market instruments. Copyright© 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Copyright© 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Junk bonds Junk bonds are low rated (high default risk) corporate bonds. Development of the junk bond primary market was enhanced by the secondary market maintained by Drexel, Burnham and Lambert in the early 1980s. Higher risk firms found they could issue longer term, more flexible securities in the high-yield market rather than borrow from commercial banks. Copyright© 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.