Ancient Greece B.C.E.

Geography Greece is a peninsula about the size of Louisiana in the Mediterranean Sea. It ’ s very close to Egypt, the Persian empire (includes Turkey) and Rome.

Greek geography Greece is mountainous Greek communities often times developed independently because of the mountains, thus they were diverse As a result, they fought each other a lot.

Technology results from necessity Since Greek coastal cities were sandwiched between the ocean and the sea, they developed an awesome navy for trading and fighting. Greek fighting ship “Galley”

Technology results from scarcity All cities need fresh water. This is a Greek aqueduct, basically a brick water pipe. The first aqueduct was Assyrian, but most ancient societies had them.

Terracing saves water and soil in mountainous environments

Greek Inventions The Greeks invented dice.

The Greeks were the original Olympiads. Their scientists studied the best way to perform sports

Greek Invention The Greeks invented the crane.

Greek Architecture Greeks invented arches and columns. This obviously took advanced mathematics.

More Greek Architecture

Types of Columns Do you see these anywhere today?

Supreme Court

Georgia Capital

Milton HIGH SCHOOL!!!!

Greek Military This is a catapult, a Greek invention. It could throw 300 pound stones at walls and buildings

Greek Military This is a phalanx. Soldiers get in a tight box. They each have a large shield and a 9 foot long spear.

Flamethrower!!!!!

Greek religion was polytheistic.

Quick list of Greek GODS! Aphrodite – The sensual goddess of beauty

Quick list of Greek GODS! Ares – The bloodthirsty god of War

Quick list of Greek GODS! Athena – The sophisticated goddess of Wisdom and Art

Quick list of Greek GODS! Apollo – The youthful god of the Sun and Music

Quick list of Greek GODS! Artemis – The wild goddess of the Hunt

Quick list of Greek GODS! Dionysus – The joyful god of wine and pleasure

Quick list of Greek GODS! Hera – The mature goddess of the Family

Quick list of Greek GODS! Hades – The gloomy god of the Underworld

Quick list of Greek GODS! Poseidon – The moody god of the Seas

Quick list of Greek GODS! Zeus – The heavenly King of the Gods

Direct participation was the key to Athenian democracy. In the Assembly, every male citizen was not only entitled to attend as often as he pleased but also had the right to debate, offer amendments, and vote on proposals. Every man had a say in whether to declare war or stay in peace. Basically any thing that required a government decision, all male citizens were allowed to participate in.

Political terms All of Greece wasn ’ t a democracy. Most of Greece was a monarchy a type of government ruled by a king or queen. At right is Pericles, a good king of Athens.

Sparta Sparta was an isolated city-state that was culturally and politically different from Athens. Sparta was an oligarchy, government ruled by a few. They had 2 kings. During the Peloponnesian Sparta sacked Athens.

Sparta Spartan society was obsessed with war. Boys were sent to military school at age 7. Boys who are born deformed are left to die on mountainsides

THIS IS SPARTA!! At age 20, Spartan men had to pass a series of tests of physical and leadership abilities. Those that passed became members of the Spartan military, and lived in barracks with the other soldiers. They were allowed to take a wife, but they weren't allowed to live with her. At age 30, they became full citizens of Sparta, provided they had served honorably. They were required to continue serving the military, however, until age 60

Spartan Women Somewhat ironically, women in Sparta had much more independence than women in other city-states, partially because their husbands never lived at home, and partially because Spartans had tremendous respect for Spartan mothers. Spartan woman were REQUIRED to stay physically fit.

Social Classes Spartans were either Perioeci (citizens who paid taxes, served in the army and were protected by Spartan laws) or Helots (people from lands conquered and ruled by Sparta The top class or “true Spartans” ruled and were the wealthiest The middle class was made of merchants and businessmen The largest class was that of the Helots

HELOTS Spartan citizens were given land which was farmed for them by the Helots. The Helots were treated as serfs (slaves) and had to give half their crops to their Spartan master.

Athens Athenians were tough but were encouraged to engage in activities like art, philosophy, music.

Athens Education The primary purpose of Athenian education was to produce thinkers, people well-trained in arts and sciences, people prepared for peace or war. Young Athenian boys were tutored at home until the age of six or seven, and then they were sent to neighborhood schools for primary education until they were 14 years of age. These schools were usually private schools, but tuition costs were low enough that even most poor Athenians could afford to send their boys to school for at least a few years

Athenian Education Con’t During primary school, younger boys learned how to play ball games, while older boys were taught more military-type activities, such as running, boxing, and wrestling. All Athenian boys were expected to read heavily, because literature played a very important part in their education. The national epic poems, Homer's Illiad and Odyssey, were mandatory teaching in all Athenian elementary schools.

Socrates Insisted that morality was part of philosophy He emphasized asking questions, and having his students examine their own beliefs The Athenians thought he caused too much trouble by having his students question the gods The Athenians gave him the option between exile or death. He chose to take his own life by drinking hemlock, a poison

Plato Socrates inspired Plato, one of his students. Wrote more than 30 works of his philosophy called Dialogues He recognized that the invisible things in nature all had order and purpose

Aristotle Wrote much on Ethics Thought that all knowledge was not innate but learned through a process Agreed to the idea of order and purpose in the universe

Athenian Government Athens’ government frequently changed. The move towards democracy started with Solon He was an aristocrat who introduced democratic principles to Athenian government His laws gave all free adult males the right to participate in the assembly The assembly voted on new legislation and other major decisions WELCOME DEMOCRACY

Greatest Leader PERICLES….King of Athens An aristocrat who brought democracy to its full measure He made it possible for the poor to still be politically active He asked for fees to be paid for those who serviced politically

Athens Govt Freedom to: –Have a say in public business –Live a private life without interferences –Rise, by one’s own merits, from poverty and obscurity to renown and wealth Athenians used their freedom to freely: –Obeyed the laws and authorities –Refrained from injuring one another –Displayed valor to defend their city

This is a hoplite, a Greek infantry soldier. Hoplites were middle-class freemen who had to pay for their own weapon and shield. Athenian Military

Alexander the Great Alexander was not from Athens, but Macedonia. Alexander was a brilliant military strategist. His favorite book was Homer ’ s Iliad

Alexander conquered the Persian empire and controlled the largest empire the world has ever seen.

What happens when cultures collide?

Alexander spread Hellenistic culture throughout Asia. Hellenistic is a fancy word for Greek. Alexander spread Greek technology and ideas throughout his empire

The Roman Coliseum has a strong Hellenistic influence.

What buildings in the USA have a Hellenistic influence?

Lincoln Memorial

Any questions before the quiz?

Greece Quiz 1.What is Greece ’ s political contribution to the political world (especially the United States)? 2. How did geography influence Greece ’ s economy and military technology? 3. How did Hellenistic ideas spread throughout Asia? 4. Describe an example of how necessity brings about technological change. 5. Define monarchy 6. Define oligarchy