The Human Body: An Orientation Ch1 Learning Goals: An overview of A & P 1. Define anatomy & physiology. 2. Explain how anatomy & physiology are related. Levels of structure & organization 3. Name the levels of structural organization that make up the human body and explain how they are related. 4. Name the organ systems of the body and briefly state the major functions of each system. 5. Classify by organ system all organs discussed. 6. Identify the organs shown on a diagram or a dissectible torso. Maintaining life 7. Define homeostasis and explain its importance. 8. Define negative feedback and describe its role in maintaining homeostasis and normal body function. The language of anatomy 9. Describe the anatomical position verbally or demonstrate it. 10. Use proper anatomical terminology to describe body directions, surfaces, and body planes. 11. Locate the major body cavities and list the chief organs in each cavity.

An Overview of Anatomy & Physiology Anatomy – study of structure; identification of body parts Physiology – the study of function; how the body parts work Structure is related to function. Things work the way they work because of their structure.

Levels of Structural Organization

Organ System Overview

Integumentary System Skin Waterproofs, cushions & protects deeper tissues Excretes salts & urea Helps regulate temp Contains sense receptors (temp, pressure, pain)

Skeletal System Consists of bone, cartilage, ligaments & joints Support Provides framework for skeletal muscles for movement Protection Produces blood cells

Muscular System Contract to cause movement

Nervous System Fast acting control system Consists of brain, spinal cord, nerves & sensory receptors (eyes, ears…) Responds to external & internal stimuli

Endocrine System Slower acting control system Consists of endocrine glands that produce hormones (chemical messengers) that regulate other structures

Cardiovascular System Transports chemicals through body Consists of heart, blood vessels & blood

Lymphatic System Return fluid back to blood vessels that has leaked out Involved in immunity Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils

Respiratory System Supply oxygen & remove carbon dioxide (gas exchange) Consists of nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi & lungs

Digestive System Breaks down food & deliver the small food molecules to the blood for dispersal to the body. Consists of oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small & large intestines.

Urinary System Aka Excretory System Removes nitrogen - containing wastes (urea & uric acid) Consists of kidneys, ureters, bladder & urethra Maintains water, salt & pH balance of blood

Reproductive System Produce offspring Consists of scrotum, penis & duct system in males Uterine tubes, uterus, vagina in females

Maintaining Life Necessary Life Functions Maintain boundaries Move Respond to environmental changes (responsiveness or irritability) Take in & digest nutrients Carry out metabolism (chemical rx) Dispose of wastes Reproduce Grow All the organ systems work together to enable these to occur. How can you remember these? Picture yourself walking to McDonalds, eating a Big Mac…

Survival Needs Nutrients – used for energy & cell building Oxygen – enables us to release energy from our food Water – provides fluid base for body Body temperature – must be maintained @ 37 degrees C (98 F) Atmospheric pressure (force exerted on surface of body by the weight of air) – breathing depends on appropriate pressure All of these must be present in appropriate amounts for survival.

Homeostasis The bodies ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions, regardless of outside conditions. Homeo = unchanging Stasis = standing still Internal conditions aren’t still, but they vary within very narrow limits

The thermostat in your house maintains a set temperature.

Now… apply this the human body & how it maintains a steady level (amount) of glucose in the blood. Negative feedback – a stimulus causes a response in the opposite direction of the stimulus.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1oBquWer8R8 Above link to Mr. Ford’s Body Position video The correct anatomical position is standing up (erect) with the feet parallel and the arms hanging at the sides with the palms facing forward and the thumbs pointing away from the body. Body Landmarks To precisely point out the chief complaint of a patient, the nurse or physician uses anatomical terms representing a certain body part. For example, a patient walks in the emergency room with a hacking wound on the posterior portion of the left lower leg. To clearly state the area of injury the nurse uses the term “sural” which means the posterior surface of the lower leg rather than writing “back area of the lower leg”. Knowing these terms not only give the nurse a more accurate formulation of chief complaints but it also saves time of a good deal of description.

Anatomical Position

Orientation & Directional Terms Used to clearly explain the relation of one body structure to another Superior – above Inferior – below Anterior – in front of Posterior – behind Medial – middle Lateral – away from the middle; at outer the sides Intermediate – between a more medial and a more a lateral surface Proximal – close to the body part Distal – away from a body part Superficial – external; at the surface Deep – internal; away from the surface

Orientation & Directional Terms

Regional Terms

Anterior Body Landmarks Abdominal – anterior body trunk inferior to ribs Acromial – point of shoulder Antecubital – anterior surface of elbow Axillary – armpit Brachial – arm Buccal – cheek area Carpal – wrist Cervical – neck region Coxal – hip Crural – leg Digital – fingers, toes Femoral – thigh Fibular – lateral part of the leg Inguinal – area where thigh meets body part Nasal – nose area Oral – mouth Orbital – eye area Patellar – anterior knee Pelvic – area overlying the pelvis anteriorly Pubic – genital region Sternal – breastbone area Tarsal – ankle region Thoracic – chest Umbilical – navel

Posterior Body Landmark Calcaneal – heel of foot Cephalic – head Deltoid – curve of shoulder formed by large deltoid muscle Femoral – thigh Gluteal – buttock Lumbar – area of back between ribs and hips Occipital – posterior surface of head Olecranal – posterior surface of elbow Popliteal – sacral Scapular – shoulder blade region Sural – posterior surface of the lower leg Vertebral – area of spine Plantar – sole of the foot

Body Planes & Sections Median Transverse Frontal or Coronal

Body Cavities Lateral View

Body Cavities Anterior View

Abdominopelvic Cavity Regions

Adominopelvic Cavity Quadrants View without skeleton

Interactive Region Body Parts Site http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP14904 http://nhscience.lonestar.edu/biol/dropdrag/regions1.htm Flash Cards of Body Regions http://quizlet.com/11406/anatomy-regional-terms-flash-cards/

Body Organization Quiz / Games http://msjensen.cehd.umn.edu/webanatomy/timed/01.htm