The Persecution Begins

Phases of Persecution Anti-Jewish policies are often divided into phases Each more aggressive than the last Each more aggressive than the last boycotts and dismissal from government jobs boycotts and dismissal from government jobs Legal restrictions, begin Aryanization Legal restrictions, begin Aryanization Attacks, confiscation of property, increased violence Attacks, confiscation of property, increased violence WWII presents Nazis with opportunity to wage war on the Jews of Europe WWII presents Nazis with opportunity to wage war on the Jews of Europe

Purposes of Nazi Policies Nazis wanted to make Germany “Judenrein” or cleansed of Jews Policies used to remove them from public life and restrict them Try to get as many to leave as possible By 1938, about 25% of Germany’s Jews had left the country By 1938, about 25% of Germany’s Jews had left the country

1933 Nazis encouraged Germans to boycott Jewish businesses Scheduled to begin on April 1, 1933 Signs posted to advertise the boycott First boycott was not as successful as Nazis hoped First boycott was not as successful as Nazis hoped Schedule additional boycotts Schedule additional boycotts

1933 Jews dismissed from Certain jobs Government jobs Government jobs Teaching (public schools and universities) Teaching (public schools and universities) Lawyers Lawyers Judges Judges Reich Chamber of Culture also banned Jews from holding jobs in radio, theater, or art

1933 Jews prohibited from owning land Jewish doctors not allowed to treat Aryan patients

1935 Nuremberg Laws adopted Jews deprived of citizenship Jews deprived of citizenship Bans intermarriage between Jews and Aryans Bans intermarriage between Jews and Aryans Jews could not employ females under the age of 45 Jews could not employ females under the age of 45 Jews forbidden from displaying the Reich’s flag Jews forbidden from displaying the Reich’s flag

1936 Restrictions on Jews temporarily relaxed Berlin hosted the Olympics Berlin hosted the Olympics Anti-Jewish propaganda taken down Anti-Jewish propaganda taken down Gives Jews a false sense of hope They thought things were going to get better They thought things were going to get better Believed the Nazi policies would eventually end. Believed the Nazi policies would eventually end.

1937 Ayranization increased Jewish property seized and handed over to “Aryan” Germans Jewish property seized and handed over to “Aryan” Germans Jews forced to register property with government Jews forced to register property with government System used to further impoverish the Jews of Germany System used to further impoverish the Jews of Germany

1938 Germany annexed Austria (Anschluss) March, 1938 March, 1938 Nazi policies apply to Austrian territory Nazi policies apply to Austrian territory Adolf Eichmann assists Nazis in their persecution of Austrian Jews Organizes system for registration of Jews, seizure of property and forced emigration Over 100,000 Jews forced to leave Austria Over 100,000 Jews forced to leave Austria Eichmann later helps organize the transportation of Jews to killing centers Eichmann later helps organize the transportation of Jews to killing centers

1938 Jews forced to add “Israel” and “Sarah” to their names and mark passports with “J” for easier identification Could no longer attend public functions, own phones or radios, and could not operate vehicles Jews given curfews

1938 International protests due to Nazi policies Nazis try to get as many Jews to leave Germany as possible Most countries had immigration quotas Restricted the number of people they would allow in Restricted the number of people they would allow in Franklin Roosevelt (FDR) calls for an international conference to discuss the fate of the Jews

1938 Evian Conference (in France) Summer, 1938 Summer, nations represented (including the U.S.) 32 nations represented (including the U.S.) Hitler offers to let Jews leave if other nations would take them Hitler offers to let Jews leave if other nations would take them No one willing to relax immigration quotas and take more Jews No one willing to relax immigration quotas and take more Jews Only one country agreed to take more Jewish refugees (Dominican Republic)

1938 Munich Conference September, 1938 September, 1938 Meeting to discuss Nazi aggression toward other nations of Europe Meeting to discuss Nazi aggression toward other nations of EuropeAppeasement!!! Allow Hitler to have his way Allow Hitler to have his way Hoped to avoid a war Hoped to avoid a war More on this in the Next unit.

1938 Kristallnacht Night of Broken Glass Night of Broken Glass Night of November 9-10, 1938 Night of November 9-10, 1938 Major violent attack Synagogues burned, Jewish homes and businesses looted and damaged Synagogues burned, Jewish homes and businesses looted and damaged 30,000 Jews sent to concentration camps 30,000 Jews sent to concentration camps

Night of Broken Glass United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Images ModuleId= ModuleId= ModuleId= ModuleId= Eye witness account of Kristallnacht ModuleId= &MediaId= ModuleId= &MediaId= ModuleId= &MediaId= ModuleId= &MediaId=1158

1939 Aryanization continues Jews register their property/valuables with the government Jews register their property/valuables with the government Property is then confiscated and houses looted Property is then confiscated and houses looted Property turned over to “Aryans” Property turned over to “Aryans”

1939 Over 900 Jewish refugees board the St. Louis and sail to Cuba May, 1939 May, 1939 Cuba refuses entry for most of them Cuba refuses entry for most of them United States refused to take them United States refused to take them Over 700 were on the quota list to enter the U.S. Forced to return to Europe in June, 1939 Forced to return to Europe in June, 1939 Most will die during Nazi occupation of Western Europe

1939 Nazis and Soviets sign a non-aggression pact September 1, 1939: German invasion of Poland German invasion of Poland WWII BEGINS WWII BEGINS