Standardisasi Material Departement Teknik Metalurgi dan Material Universitas Indonesia

Standardization (or standardisation) Process of developing and agreeing upon technical standards A technical standard is an established norm or requirement, A formal document that establishes uniform engineering or technical criteria, methods, processes and practices, can also be a controlled artifact or similar formal means used for calibration.

Types of Standards standard specification standard test method standard procedure standard guide standard definition

Nature of Standard Some standards are mandatory while others are voluntary Mandatory : standard with which it is obligatory to comply; established by an authority endowed with the necessary legal power Voluntary : standard with which there is no obligation to comply, either legally or de facto

Nature of Standard Some standards are de facto while others are de jure de facto standard : which means they are followed by informal convention or dominant usage, de jure standard : which are part of legally binding contracts, laws or regulations,

Examples of de facto standard When VHS format for videotape recording was introduced, other formats were available. Many believed that the rival Beta system was superior from a technical point of view. However, the VHS format won the format war due to superior marketing tactics by its proponents. The market could not support two competing formats, so Beta was withdrawn. The driver's seat side in a country The 12.7 mm spacing of the rollers in a bicycle chain Masculine buttonholes on left, buttons on right; feminine vice- versa Portable Document Format (PDF) was first published in 1993 by Adobe. PDF/A became a de jure standard as ISO :2005

Goals of standardization can be to help with independence of single: suppliers (commodification), compatibility, interoperability, safety, repeatability, quality.

International standards Standards developed by international standards organisations. International standards are available for consideration and use, worldwide. International standards may be used either by direct application or by a process of modifying an international standard to suit local conditions.

The adoption of international standards Results in the creation of equivalent, national standards that are substantially the same as international standards in technical content, but may have: editorial differences as to appearance, use of symbols and measurement units, substitution of a point for a comma as the decimal marker, and differences resulting from conflicts in governmental regulations or industry-specific requirements caused by fundamental climatic, geographical, technological, or infrastructural factors, or the stringency of safety requirements that a given standard authority considers appropriate.

International Standards Organizations International standards organization who develops international standards. Examples : International Organization for Standardization (ISO) International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) International Telecommunication Union (ITU)

International Standards Organizations ISO is composed of the National Standards Bodies (NSBs), one per member economy or country, IEC is composed of “National Committees”, one per member economy or country, The World Standards Cooperation (WSC) is a cooperative effort between ISO, the IEC, and the ITU

ISO The International Organization for Standardization (Organisation internationale de normalisation) Founded on 23 February 1947, the organization promulgates world-wide proprietary industrial and commercial standards. It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.[1]

ISO FACT list of members Formation23 February23 February TypeNGO Purpose/focusInternational standard Headquarters Geneva, SwitzerlandGenevaSwitzerland Membership157 members Official languagesEnglish and French Websitewww.iso.org

IEC is a not-for-profit, non-governmental international standards organization that prepares and publishes International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies – collectively known as "electrotechnology“ The IEC held its inaugural meeting on 26 June 1906, Originally located in London, the commission moved to its current headquarters in Geneva in 1948, Total members : 71 countries Website :

ITU is an international organization established to standardize and regulate international radio and telecommunications It was founded as the International Telegraph Union in Paris on May 17, 1865 headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland Members are almost all of the UN members plus the Vatican City State (191 members). Only Palau and East Timor are not participating

Regional Standards Organizations Europe : CEN, CENELEC, ETSI, and the IRMM Pacific Area Standards Congress (PASC) Pan American Standards Commission (COPANT) African Organization for Standardization (ARSO) Arab Industrial Development and Mining Organization (AIDMO) Sub-regional standards organizations also exist such as the MERCOSUR Standardization Association (AMN), the CARICOM Regional Organisation for Standards and Quality (CROSQ), and the ASEAN Consultative Committee for Standards and Quality (ACCSQ).

National Standards Bodies (NSBs) In general, each country or economy has a single recognized Standards Body (NSB), NSBs may be either public or private sector organizations, or combinations of the two, examples SCC is a Canadian Crown Corporation, DGN is a governmental agency within the Mexican Ministry of Economy, ANSI is a non-profit organization with members from both the private and public sectors. For Indonesia NSBs are BSN (Badan Standardisasi Nasional)