Earth Science Review

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Interior of the earth

Inner core Iron Incredible temp and pressure keeps Iron solid

Outer Core Liquid Iron Generates the Earth’s magnetic Field

Mantle Largest section of earth Includes: lower mantle, aethnosphere, lithosphere

Astenosphere Below lithosphere Plastic in nature

Lithosphere Broken up into the tectonic plates Hard

Crust Very thin compared to any other layer (oceanic thinner than continental) Oceanic is more dense than continental Oceanic subducts under continental during any collision

Magnetoshere Region around earth under influence of earth’s magnetic field Aurora borealis: formed by combination of Sun’s energy, atmosphere, and earth magnetic field Orientation has switched many times in the past

Plate Tectonics Theory that describes the movement of plates and the physical evolution of the Earth

Plate tectonics Alfred Wegener – Father of Plate Tectonics Continental Drift – Movement of continents Sea Floor Spreading – Movement of parts of sea floor away from each other

Names Pangaea = one land = formed when all the continents came together Panthalassa = one sea

Evidence of plate motion through time Fossil evidence (mesosaurus) Climate evidence (glacial material in africa) Shape of present continents Age of sea floor rocks Paleomagnetism

Divergent Boundaries Boundary formed when two plates are pulled away from each other On land = rift valley Underwater = mid oceanic ridges Crust is created in this zone

Convergent boundary Boundary formed when 2 plates are moving towards each other Crust is destroyed in this zone

Subduction zones Place where one plate (older, denser) slides under another plate Area that forms both volcanoes and earthquakes American northwest, Alaska, Japan, Indonesia

Transform Boundaries Boundary formed when 2 plates move past each other San Andreas Fault in California

Convection Concept which determines how lithospheres' plates can move Hot material rises to the surface, pushing older cooler material aside Cold material sinks back into the interior of the earth

Earthquakes Result from the sudden motion of 2 plates at a boundary Aftershocks: subsequent earthquakes after the main one

Focus: Location on plate boundaries of the movement. In Earth Epicenter: location on surface directly above focus

Pacific Ring of Fire Located in the … Identified as a series of plate boundaries that ring the Pacific Ocean Most of the world earthquakes and volcanoes are associated with this ring

Seismic Waves Movement of energy released as a result of an earthquake Seismometer– instrument used to record seismic waves Seismograpgh-readout of data collected by seismomenters

Types of waves P- Waves: fastest, push or pull, go through liquid S- Waves: slower, sideways motion, will not go through liquid Surface: Slowest, moves earth, most damaging

Location of Epicenter Difference in time between P and S waves Need seismograph readings of an earthquake from 3 different sources

Richter Scale Intensity of Quake Above 7 means large quake Below 4 means small quake Largest 9.2 Indonesia

Safest Place In a Room : In a doorway In a moving car: Move car to open area, stay in car

Tsunami Great Wave Caused by underwater earthquake, or land slide that puts material into water What are the major differences between a Tsunami and a Rogue Wave

Volcano Created when molten rock from the interior reaches the surface Vent is an opening for release of lava/gas/water Fumaroles, geysers, hot springs, mud pots

Volcanic dangers Pyroclastic flow: hot mixture of ash and gas, fast moving Lahar (mudflow): hot mixture of water and ash Volcanic bombs: solid material ejected from volcano Ash/ acid rain

Surface features related to volcanism Hot springs: underground water is heated by coming close to magma; returns to surface through cracks, fractures Geysers: hot springs that periodically erupt Fumaroles: openings where hot gases are released Mud pots: hot springs with little water and ash near the surface opening

Magma: molten rock inside Earth Lava: molten rock on surface of Earth

Types of lava Felsic / mafic Pahoehoe / aa

Where do most volcanoes appear? At or near plate boundaries Subduction zones, divergent boundaries, not transform boundaries

Types of volcaones Shield: Broad, not dangerous, lava Cinder: Smaller, more dangerous, ash Stratovolcano: Large, most dangerous, both ash and rock

Crater formed by the build up of material released from a vent Caldera is formed by the collapse of a magma chamber

Mars Has Solar Systems largest volcanoes Olympus Mons Shield

Rock Cycle Stages and actions

Rock Types Igneous Metamorphic Sedimentary