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Chapter 13 Central and Eastern Europe Antonio Zamora Ebone Bell Dantasia Greer Jacob Smith AP EUROPEAN HISTORY 8 th Period

Central & Eastern Europe  Central and eastern Europe were economically less advanced than western Europe.  In the 18 th century, Poland was a great example of a land that failed to establish a viable centralized government.  There were 3 important dynasties during this time period; the Austrian Habsburgs, the Hohenzollern, and the Romanov.

Poland: Absence of Strong central Authority  In 1683 King John III Sobieski led a Polish Army to rescue Vienna from a Turkish siege; however, Poland became a byword for the dangers of aristocratic independence.  Polish monarchy was elective but there was deep distrust and divisions among the nobility. Most Polish monarchs were foreigners.  Polish nobles had a central legislative body called the Sejm which included only nobles and excluded representatives from corporate bodies such as the towns.  Liberum Veto was a practice whereby the opposition of any member could require the body to disband.

Habsburg Empire and the Pragmatic Sanction Habsburg was previously in alliance with their Spanish cousins. They tried to bring all of Germany under their control and back to the Catholic fold. Habsburg was previously in alliance with their Spanish cousins. They tried to bring all of Germany under their control and back to the Catholic fold. The power of the Emperor depended less on the force of the arms than on the cooperation he could elicit from carious political bodies such as German units, bishoprics, and territories of independent knights. The power of the Emperor depended less on the force of the arms than on the cooperation he could elicit from carious political bodies such as German units, bishoprics, and territories of independent knights. Through the Treaty of Rastatt in 1714, the Habsburg further extended their domains, receiving the former Netherlands and Lombardy in Northern Italy. Through the Treaty of Rastatt in 1714, the Habsburg further extended their domains, receiving the former Netherlands and Lombardy in Northern Italy. Began to consolidate their power and influence outside the Holy Roman Empire which included Crown of Saint Wenceslas, Bohemia, and the Crown of Stephen. Began to consolidate their power and influence outside the Holy Roman Empire which included Crown of Saint Wenceslas, Bohemia, and the Crown of Stephen.

Habsburg..cont o In each of their territories the Habsburg’s ruled under a different title such as king, archduke, duke and other local nobility names. o Their domains were so geographically diverse and the people who lived in them were of different languages and almost nothing existed that could unify them politically.

LEOPOLD 1 ( ) Managed to resist the advances of the Ottoman Empire to Central Europe Managed to resist the advances of the Ottoman Empire to Central Europe Achieved Ottoman recognition of his sovereignty over Hungary in 1699 and extended all the way to the Balkan Peninsula and western Romania Achieved Ottoman recognition of his sovereignty over Hungary in 1699 and extended all the way to the Balkan Peninsula and western Romania Joseph 1 continued Leopold’s policies. Joseph 1 continued Leopold’s policies. Strength in East gave them greater political leverage in Germany Strength in East gave them greater political leverage in Germany

CHARLES VI  Succeeded Joseph and a new problem was added to the chronic one of territorial diversity.  He had no male heir, and there was only the precedents for a female ruler  He devoted most of his reign to the seeking and the approval of his family, the estates of his realms, and the major foreign powers for a document call the Pragmatic Sanction.  in December 1740, Fredrick II of Prussia invaded the Habsburg province of Silesia in Eastern Germany. His daughter Maria Theresa had to fight for her inheritance.

Prussia and the Hohenzollerns The rise of Prussia occurred within the German power vacuum created by the Peace of Westphalia. The family had acquired the duchy of Cleves and the Counties of Mark and Ravensburg inn 1614, East Prussia in 1618, and Pomerania.  East Prussia lay inside Poland and outside the authority of the Holy Roman Emperor.  Territories lacked good natural resources and many of them were devastated during the Thirty Years’ War.

Hohenzollerns cont..  Between 1655 and 1660, Sweden and Poland fought each other across the Great Electors holdings in Pomerania.  In exchange for their obedience Junkers received the right to demand obedience from their serfs.  Taxes fell most heavily on the backs of peasants and the urban classes

Fredrick William established himself and his successors as the central uniting power by breaking the local noble estates established himself and his successors as the central uniting power by breaking the local noble estates Chose as the local administrators of the tax structure men who would normally have been members of the noble branch of the old parliament Chose as the local administrators of the tax structure men who would normally have been members of the noble branch of the old parliament his son was the least Prussian of his family. his son was the least Prussian of his family. The army made Prussia a valuable potential ally. The army made Prussia a valuable potential ally.

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