Notes: pgs

-Distribute Handout ** -millions of deaths (battle, wounds, starvation, disease, ethnic conflict) -deep psychological scar -introduction of new weapons: poison gas, air bombardment of civilians, powerful armaments -political landscape: collapse of empires -new countries = new political systems -U.S. new emerging power -revolution = Bolsheviks in Russia (challenged status quo)

 Social structure changed: women won the right to vote in many countries, demanded changes  Total War: physical, emotional, impacted all aspects of society and life  Mass media war: propaganda

 Names you should know: Romanov, Hohenzollern and Hapsburg  These empires collapsed and allowed for new states to emerge  PPC: set this up  Problem: multi-ethnic empires merge into more single-ethnic states…but not totally, concept of ethnic nationalism  New states should have access to: natural resources, trade routes, rivers and oceans, this is a conflict waiting to happen!  Minority clauses within treaties  New states = created vulnerable countries, lacked political and economic stability  Look on page 35, read and discuss

 Hope that democratic nations would emerge, economic prosperity is key  Economic problems between new countries over trade routes, and mineral rich areas (Poland and Czechoslovakia over Teschen)

 Treaty of Versailles did not deal with economic questions directly, except reparations  Allied War Debts not addressed = created bad relations = economic instability while trying to pay off loans  Lead to Ruhr Crisis (focus on later)  US refused to cancel debts of Allies -  weaken Allied recovery  keep demanding reparations from Germany  Ironic: US compelled through the Dawes Plan to help Germany restore economic and political stability after Ruhr Crisis!  Failed to develop and promote international trade which added to impact of The Great Depression

 14 points: wanted an adjustment to colonial claims based on the sovereignty and interests of the populations concerned  Victors cannot just take!  Mandatory System was to “administer” the colonie  Supervised by League of Nations  Given to countries that had conquered them under Article 22of the League Covenant  3 classes of mandates (A = ready for independence very soon, mostly former Ottoman, B = less advanced, mostly German colonies in Africa, C = whoa, you need some help, German colonies in Pacific handed over to Japan, Australia, New Zealand, SW Africa to South Africa) Let’s look at pg. 41!

 This may seem to have emerged at the PPC, but we know better!  Sykes-Picot in 1916 between UK and France already had the Ottoman Empire divided up  Many countries such as Japan violated and essentially controlled territories  HOWEVER, now there was a system of accountability for these powers in control  Most territory surprisingly j/k went to Britain and France, all of Germany’s were taken, Italians gained nothing (leads to Mussolini’s support for nationalist movement)  Arabs very upset because they helped the British in the war  Balfour Declaration of 1917 also creates controversy in Middle East

 Everything you wanted to know, but were afraid to ask  1. Knowledge and understanding (do you know what you should know)  2. demonstrates understanding of historical context (get out of your snow globe)  3. Synthesize and evaluation  4. Do the above with both historical sources (given) and your background knowledge(your brains…)

 You should allocate 20 minutes for this question (you will have already read the sources)  Make a plan (grids are recommended for this)  Group your sources  put into grid  Sources that support the point assumed in question  Sources that suggest an alternate argument  Only write a brief introduction  Refer to sources directly (source A, B, …)  Quote briefly 2-3 words  Use ALL sources  Brief conclusion

Rapallo would impact the geo- political settlement from Versailles Rapallo would not impact or would not greatly impact the settlement (would not disrupt things) Source: Own Knowledge: Source: Own Knowledge: Source: Own Knowledge:

 20 minutes  Use the sources from pg and question 4  Good Luck!