The Enlightenment

The Enlightenment Ideals Belief in the supremacy of reason over pleasure; conviction that humans could perfect society through the application of the intellect to human affairs Science takes its place for the first time

The Philosophes Thinkers who advocated reason Paris was the center of the movement Search for universal laws in human affairs Scorned superstition, Christianity Encyclopedie – a compendium of all human knowledge edited by Diderot Deism – God created universe to operate rationally

The Salons Social gatherings with dining, entertainment, conversation Wealthy women Mme. Geoffrin: Rousseau, Diderot Helped finance Encyclopedie Discussion of ideas and events

Rousseau Most popular of the Enlightenment Natural goodness of humans; value of freedom and equality Respect for humans in nature – Native Americans were the exemplars Concept of “general will” Flaws in society and institution cause social injustice

LOCKE Two Treatises of Government Government: voluntary association of humans acting in their self- interest Humans are reasonable and cooperative Power of the legislature: the people People could overthrow government and replace with better one HOBBESLeviathan All-powerful sovereign should rule stupid humans Humans are greedy and violent Power of the executive: the government

Rococo Style Softer, more delicate style than Baroque Name from “rocaille,” a shell-like decoration used in gardens. Art was happy, witty, frivolous, playful Watteau: Pilgrimage to Cythera (fig. 16.3) Fragonard: The Meeting (fig. 16.5)

The Bourgeois Response Figaro based on a French play Condemned aristocratic privilege Middle class gained influence Art reflected their moral attitudes

The Rise of the Novel Epistolary novels A leisured class of educated readers emerged Novels of manners, such as Jane Austen’s Sense and Sensibility

The Neoclassical Style Style of the later eighteenth century that imitated the art of ancient Greece and Rome Influenced by scholarship, excavations of Herculaneum and Pompeii

Neoclassical Architecture Influence of Palladio Chiswick House (fig ) Thomas Jefferson: Ambassador to France Monticello in Virginia (fig )

Neoclassical Painting Jacques-Louis David: Oath of the Horatii (fig ), 1784 This painting embodied leading principles of neoclassicism: didactic purpose, purity of form, and deep passion restrained by good taste. Revolt against rococo David involved in French Revolution

The Classical Symphony Order, proportion, harmony Haydn – “father” of symphony 1.4 movements 2.sonata form: three-part structure still used today Mozart had the ability to create effortless transitions between sections and build symmetrical structure for his music

The Age of Satire Aims to improve society by humorous criticism Attacks on social ills Jonathan Swift: Gulliver’s Travels Voltaire: Candide Hogarth: Marriage à la Mode: The Marriage Contract (fig. 16.9)

Jonathan Swift A Modest Proposal recommended that poor Irish children be butchered, roasted and served for Sunday dinners. It would reduce population and provide income. Gulliver’s Travels Horses put humans to shame. Mocked humans as Yahoos Not convinced of human decency

Voltaire Opposed evils of religious bigotry and political oppression Candide makes fun of optimists Cultivate your own garden: reject philosophical solutions, cultivate self, work hard and seek a comfortable and reasonable life.

Mozart and Opera Independent musician: no patron Began at age 6. Composed more than 600 works, including 20 operas and 41 symphonies Joseph II of Austria sponsored him Balance of music and drama in opera The Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni, The Magic Flute