University of Palestine Dept. of Urban Planning Introduction to Planning ( EAGD 3304 ) M.A. Architect: Tayseer Mushtaha 10/11/2008

THE DISCUSSION FOR TODAY WILL COVER,,, City planning principles Contents of city plans History of city planning/town planning CITY PLANNING

City Planning includes development schemes for a city to ensure: –Physical Development التنمية العمرانية والمادية –Social Development التنمية الاجتماعية –Economic Development التنمية الاقتصادية SOURCE: …Dr Nihad Almughany-Int to Planning- 1st s. 2007/8 CITY PLANNING - Principles

The Master Plan for a city includes the following :  Land use plan for lands within city borders: Residential, recreational, industrial, commercial, green, cemeteries,….etc  Roads and transportation  Building lines  Water and sewage  Professions  Building regulations : setbacks, density, height, services,….etc CITY PLANNING – A master Plan of A city SOURCE: …Dr Nihad Almughany-Int to Planning- 1st s. 2007/8

 The Master Plan for a city consists of a land use plan, other plans like transportation, water, sewage,..etc and Regulations. Scale of Plans : Less than 100,000 Dunums : 1 : 5000 More than 100,000 Dunums : 1 : For an area with more than one city : 1 : CITY PLANNING – A master Plan of A city SOURCE: …Dr Nihad Almughany-Int to Planning- 1st s. 2007/8

LANDUSE PLAN – the master Plan of Gaza city SOURCE: …Dr Nihad Almughany-Int to Planning- 1st s. 2007/8

History of Urban Planning The Dawn of Urbanization The birth of a Village The birth of a City Mesopotamian Towns Early Egyptian Towns Greek Towns Roman Towns Middle Ages Towns Renaissance Towns Industrial Towns Modern Towns and Cities SOURCE: …Dr Nihad Almughany-Int to Planning- 1st s. 2007/8

The Dawn of Urbanization Primitive societies had a culture but had no physical civilization Tents, Caves and Huts SOURCE: …Dr Nihad Almughany-Int to Planning- 1st s. 2007/8

The birth of a Village SOURCE: …Dr Nihad Almughany-Int to Planning- 1st s. 2007/8 Tribes started to gather for protection and compose villages. Built on sites where there is a natural defensive measures

The birth of Towns Increase of the size of the village and at the same time change of life style Emergence of new professions like trade, investors, religious, and other urban elements. Had a central religious and political centre Used to be surrounded by a fence and had three authorities : Citadel ( political), Temple ( religious), and warehouses (economic ) Its planning integrated with the requirements of war. SOURCE: …Dr Nihad Almughany-Int to Planning- 1st s. 2007/8

Mesopotamian Towns 5000 BC, great towns of Ur (about 1000 Dunums and people, Babel, Ashor, Ninue ( Mawsel ), etc Integrated with the rivers (rivers as transportation and a place where there is food and water ). Houses of mud, Ziggurats temples Hammurabi ( Babel ) issued building regulations and penalties. SOURCE: …Dr Nihad Almughany-Int to Planning- 1st s. 2007/8

Babel SOURCE: …Dr Nihad Almughany-Int to Planning- 1st s. 2007/8

Early Egyptian Towns SOURCE: …Dr Nihad Almughany-Int to Planning- 1st s. 2007/8 Social Structure : –Aristocratic : Pharaohs, Nobles, Priests –Free ( Middle Class) : Merchants, Professionals –Peasants Class –Slaves class Central area : Temple and Palace. Tel Alamarna : –Royal road in the middle, –City quarters are gathered around palaces, temples and public buildings –Houses of high classes lied on major roads and surrounded by gardens –Workers city is far from the original city, has small homes (50 m)

Greek Towns SOURCE: …Dr Nihad Almughany-Int to Planning- 1st s. 2007/8 Greeks built small towns appropriate for human scale Natural borders for the town Parts of the town were planned according to geometrical patterns and others according to defensive measures Democracy, Buildings of poor and rich are a side, public baths. Agora in the center and includes : –Assembly hall –Council hall –Chamber hall

Roman cities SOURCE: …Dr Nihad Almughany-Int to Planning- 1st s. 2007/8 plenty of towns in invaded areas - medium towns for about inh. to keep agriculture around Division of agricultural land into rectangular parcels. Grid pattern for most of Roman cities التخطيط الشبكي The city was divided into neighborhoods and quarters with their own centers Two major and central intersected roads : – Cardo : North South –Decomanus : East West * The Forum at the intersection of the two major roads : the central public space Torino - Italy

Medieval Cities SOURCE: …Dr Nihad Almughany-Int to Planning- 1st s. 2007/8 Feudalism System Importance of the cathedral besides the castle and the palace Fences around the city with gates, castle, mosque or cathedral or a temple inside Another fence for the castle

Renaissance cities SOURCE: …Dr Nihad Almughany-Int to Planning- 1st s. 2007/8 Shrinkage of Feudalism system and the authority of commerce and industry Artistic features in cities Public spaces ( Piazza OR square)

Industrial Cities SOURCE: …Dr Nihad Almughany-Int to Planning- 1st s. 2007/8 Industry and industrial towns close to factories – facilities like schools and shops Active movement from country to towns Railways and rail way stations played a role in the planning of towns.

Industrial Cities SOURCE: …Dr Nihad Almughany-Int to Planning- 1st s. 2007/8

Modern Cities SOURCE: …Dr Nihad Almughany-Int to Planning- 1st s. 2007/8 As a reaction to industrial towns, there were many theories for modern and future cities started from the end of the 19 th Century until the time being

NEXT DISCUSSION WILL COVER; TOWN OR CITY PLANNING Modern Cities IN ADDITION TO PRESENTATION OF ONE OF THE RESEARCH GROUPS (subject … structural planning ) GOOD LUCK