Issue 2 The Obstacles To Black Americans Gaining Civil Rights In The USA Up To 1941: Factor 1: Legal Impediments and the ‘Separate But Equal’ Decision of the Supreme Court Factor 2: Lack of Political Influence Factor 3: The Activities of the Ku Klux Klan Factor 4: Divisions in the Black Community Factor 5: Popular Prejudice In The North AIMS OF ESSAY: To Be Able To Discuss What Prevented African-American's Achieving Equal Rights To Whites

Aims Paragraph 3: To understand the differences between the leaders of the three civil rights groups To understand the failures of the early civil rights movement Have The Background Knowledge & Argument To Write Your Third Paragraph For Essay Two On The Obstacles stopping AA Achieving Their Civil Rights

PLAN FOR PARAGRAPH Division of Black Community 1. Start with an Opening Argument e.g. state there is a link between the isolated factor & the question 2. Put in Knowledge – detail Bookers methods 3. Put in Analysis – explain why they were controversial 4. Knowledge – discuss De Bois methods 5. Analysis – explain why he failed 6. Put in Knowledge – detail Garvey’s point of view 7. Put in Analysis – explain why these groups failed overall 8. Evaluation – make an judgement, how important was this factor compared to the Jim Crow Laws? Read Through Paragraph 4 On Handout

Early Civil Rights Movement Early civil rights campaigns emerged after 1896 as a reaction to the Plessy vs Ferguson case Several organisations were formed to help improve the lives of Black Americans There were three main leaders who had 3 very different ideas about how to get Civil Rights for Black Americans: W.E. Bois (Boyz); Booker T Washington & Garvey

1. Booker T. Washington Video Link He was born in 1856 as the son of a slave He established the Tuskagee Institute in Alabama which gave Black children an education with a focus on practical skills in farming, carpentry, brick making etc. He wanted to improve education for black people believing this was the best way to create better opportunities The great success of the school made him believe that Black people could ONLY advance if they were educated He argued that black Americans should not antagonise whites by demanding political and social equality but should earn respect through hard work and education He was criticised for this by Black leaders but in the long term his belief in education would help improve the lives of many Black Americans Video Link

2. W.E.Du Bois (Du Boyz) Video Link The first Black American ever to receive a degree from Harvard University He began the first Civil Rights Movement – 1909 the N.A.A.C.P (the National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People) He demanded full civil rights, the end of segregation and equality of opportunity in all aspects of life and work The NAACP included white campaigners The NAACP used legal action in its fight to improve employment, housing, voting and education He argued that Washington’s stance simply encouraged White people to maintain the status quo Although it had 91,000 members in 1919 it failed to win over the mass of ordinary black people & so little progress was made Video Link

3. Marcus Garvey Believed in ‘Negro Nationalism’ which encouraged black culture and pride in being black 1916 he introduced the first Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) to New York City He argued racial bias was ingrained in whites that it was impossible for them to change their views & saw all whites as potential Klansmen He urged blacks to liberate themselves from surrounding white culture and embrace their own heritage He proposed that all Black Americans should return to Africa and start their own self-governing republic there He was convicted of fraud and eventually deported from the USA Although he achieved little that was tangible in the short term, Garvey helped to foster a sense of Black pride which would inspire later generations to take up the charge of civil rights campaigning.

Division… 1. Du Bois & Garvey Garvey and Du Bois did not like each other and failed to work together Du Bois heavily criticised Garvey’s extreme views Du Bois feared that Garvey's activities would undermine his efforts toward black rights in the USA While Du Bois felt that the Black Star Line was “original and promising” he added that “Marcus Garvey is, without doubt, the most dangerous enemy of the Negro race in America and in the world. He is either a lunatic or a traitor” Garvey called Du Bois “purely and simply a white man's nigger" and "a little Dutch, a little French, a little Negro … a mulatto … a monstrosity.”

Division… 2. Du Bois & Washington Washington believed whites would come round to accepting civil rights if blacks were peaceful, reasonable, educated and made it clear they meant whites no harm, while Du Bois believed civil rights must be obtained via an aggressive strategy toward black integration into political and economic life Washington considered Du Bois’ tactics too provocative and would only serve to alienate whites, while he believed Washington was too moderate Washington favoured ‘separate but equal’, while Du Bois wanted rapid integration Washington believed Blacks should concentrate on improving their economic position, while Du Bois argued Blacks needed legal and political equality before economic equality could be obtained

Impact They mobilised huge numbers of black people together and drew attention to social injustices affecting the black community The UNIA had 4 million members by 1920 The NAACP campaigned against lynching -in 1915 the Supreme Court declared the ‘grandfather clause’ unconstitutional Influential in paving the way for the later civil rights movements of the 1950s and 1960s HOWEVER… There was no unified civil rights movement There were three different organisations with different aims, methods and ideologies Lack of unity between the leaders These diverse groups and individuals meant that little was achieved because of a lack of focus

Group 1: Ensure You Can Explain The Answers To These Questions Q1. After what event did the civil rights campaign emerge? Q2. What was the names of the 3 leaders? Q3. What did Washington believe was the key to advancement? Q4. What did Du Bois use to improve conditions? Q5. Why did Du Bois fail? Q6. What did Garvey believe in? & what did he succeed in doing? Q7. Why was there division between Du Bois & Garvey? Q8. Why was there division between Du Bois & Washington? Evaluation

Group Task Get into groups of 3; pick a civil right activist each then read the information on that person Go on the explain your findings with your group You will have 3 extended MindMaps at the end of the lesson – one for each person detailing facts Then work out which civil right movement you believe in the most

PLAN FOR PARAGRAPH Division of Black Community 1. Start with an Opening Argument e.g. state there is a link between the isolated factor & the question 2. Put in Knowledge – detail Bookers methods 3. Put in Analysis – explain why they were controversial 4. Knowledge – discuss De Bois methods 5. Analysis – explain why he failed 6. Put in Knowledge – detail Garvey’s point of view 7. Put in Analysis – explain why these groups failed overall 8. Evaluation – make an judgement, how important was this factor compared to the Jim Crow Laws? Read Through Paragraph 4 On Handout

FACTOR THREE OPENING ARGUMENT Before 1941, little civil equality was gained by Blacks, this is partly due to divisions within the civil rights movement

Division of Black Community KNOWLEDGE 1 Booker T Washington believed Blacks should work with the system of segregation to prove themselves worthy of equal treatment through work, education & moral righteousness ARGUMENT 1 He was criticised for his controversial belief that equality would come through education and angered many Americans who believed in equality regardless of whether they could prove themselves However his methods would help to improve the lives of Blacks in the long term

Division of Black Community KNOWLEDGE 2 William Du Bois fundamentally disagreed with Booker and founded the NAACP in 1910 who challenged segregation instead through the legal system E.G. an anti-lynching campaign, which later was proposed as a bill to parliament ARGUMENT 2 Although the NAACP had nearly 91,000 members by 1919 it failed to win over the majority of ordinary Black in the North & South

Division of Black Community KNOWLEDGE 3 Marcus Garvey promoted a sense of Black Pride by founding the UNIA. He argued racial bias was ingrained in whites that it was impossible for them to change their views & saw all whites as potential Klansmen . Du Bois feared that Garvey's activities would undermine his efforts toward black rights in the USA. ARGUMENT 3 It can be argued there were three different organisations with different aims, methods and ideologies so there was no unified movement up to 1941 which weakened their impact on the fight for civil rights.

Division of Black Community EVALUATION: These diverse groups and individuals meant that little was achieved because of a lack of focus however, the Jim Crow Laws were too powerful to attack at this time particularly when black Americans lacked a political voice to overturn them.