Overview Machines began to replace human & animal power in the production & manufacturing of goods Europe transitioned from an agricultural society to a modern industrial society The economic changes of the Industrial Revolution did more than any other movement to revolutionize life in Europe & western society

Roots of the Industrial Rev Commercial Revolution ( ) – Price Revolution (produced more) – Rise of Capitalism (increased use of surplus money for investment) – Scientific Revolution – Population increase Proto-Industrialization – “putting-out” system – Cottage industry

Proto-Industrialism technology Prior to steam engine 1733 – Flying Shuttle (John Kay) 1764 – Spinning Jenny (James Hargreaves) 1769 – Water Frame (Richard Arkwright) 1779 – Spinning Mule (Samuel Compton)

England is first Began in 1780’s (Continental Europe was not until after the Napoleonic Wars (1815) Land & Geography: – England is isolated – Good supply of coal & iron – Waterways Agricultural Revolution was vital – Cheap abundant labor (enclosure movement forced people to towns & cities) – Fewer farmers needed to feed larger numbers of people

Other factors Capital – Large supplies available – Bank of England established by gov’t in 1694 Entrepreneurs – Class of inventive highly motivated people – Middle class could rise into nobility from the wealth created in business Colonial Empire – Gave Britain access to raw materials – Growing market for English goods in its colonies

Role of Government Sympathetic to industrial development Financial institutions were ready to make loans Stable government – Wars did not leave England devastated – Rise of the House of Commons helped the middle class gain gov’t cooperation & secured middle class loyalty – Parliamentary legislation was favorable towards industry Bubble Act repealed which allowed for joint stock companies Lowes Act: allowed for limited liability for business owners

Textiles Growing demand for textiles led to the creation of the world’s first large factories – Inventions of proto-industrialization facilitated increased production The steam engine’s application to textile production was a key event of the industrial revolution – 1780’s Richard Arkwright used the steam engine to power looms Metallurgical industries flourished (they provided the machinery) Results of the new technology – By 1790 machines produced 10X as much cotton yarn as in 1770 – By 1800 cotton thread was England’s most important industry (1850 they produced more than ½ the worlds cloth) – Cotton goods became cheaper

Steam Engine & Coal Use of coal to power steam engines was one of the hallmarks of the industrial revolution – Transition from wood-burning to coal-burning – By 1850 England produced 2/3 of world’s coal Steam Engine – James Watt (1769) invented the first efficient steam engine – Most fundamental advance in technology Iron industry transformed – Gave rise to heavy industry – By 1850 England produced more than ½ of world’s iron

Transportation Revolution Made possible by steam power Necessary to transport finished goods & raw materials to factories New canal systems Hard-surfaced roads Steamboat, 1807 (Robert Fulton) – made 2-way river travel possible – 1838 – first steamship crossed the Atlantic Ocean

Railroads 1803 – first steam wagon used on streets 1812 – steam wagon adapted for rails 1825 – George Stephenson made railway locomotive commercially successsful – By 1829 widely used in England – In 1830 his locomotive, The Rocket, traveled the Liverpool-Manchester Railway at 16mph Private companies quickly organized to build more rail lines Impact of Railroad – Greatly reduced cost of shipping freight on land – Resulted in growing regional & national markets spurring larger demand – Facilitated the growth

Great Britain 1850 Produced 2/3 of world’s coal Produced more than ½ or world’s iron Produced more than ½ of world’s cotton cloth GNP rose 350% between – Population increased from 9 million in 1780 to 21 million in 1851 Per capita income increased almost 100% between

Continental Europe Began to industrialize after 1815 Hindered by the Napoleonic Wars – Disrupted trade, reduced consumer demand – Britain dominated world markets during the wars – British technology too advanced for most to understand – Technology expensive – Shortage of workers

Europe begins catching up Avoided Britain’s mistakes Industrialization differed in each country after 1815 – Belgium, Holland, France, & US began to industrialize in 1820’s – Germany, Austria, & Italy in mid- 19 th century Britain unsuccessful in maintaining a monopoly in technology – Until 1825 it was illegal for skilled mechanics to leave – Until 1843 export of textile machinery & equipment forbidden Tariffs used to protect native industries on the continent – 1834, the Zollverein was a German tariff established to encourage investment in German industry

Social Implications of the Indust. Rev. Replaced the traditional social hierarchy with a new social order 19 th century became the golden age of the middle class – Factory owners = the new bourgeoisie Proletariat wage earners – Factory workers = the “proletariat” – Poor conditions for workers – Friederich Engels ( ) lashed out at the middle class Middle class ruthlessly exploited the proletariat his ideas influence Karl Marx & later socialists

Struggles between labor & capital For workers & ordinary families, the long-term impact of the Ind. Rev. was more positive than negative Until 1850, workers as a whole did not share in the general wealth Luddites – violent group of irate workers who blamed industrialism for threatening their jobs – Attacked factories & destroyed machines

Union Movement Organized groups of workers to resist exploitation of the proletariat Robert Owen – in 1834, organized the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union Chartists – Organized after Owen’s union collapse – Sought political democracy – Demanded all men have the right to vote – Sought to change what they saw as an oppressive economic system Unions campaigned for 10 hour days & to permit duty-free imports of wheat into Britain (in response to the Corn Laws passed in 1815) Led to improved working conditions, better wages, and reduced work hours

Social Effects Urbanization – Largest population transfer in history – Cities grew into industrial centers Reformers sought to improve life in cities Working class injustices, gender exploitation & standard of living issues become the 19 th century dilemmas Family structure & gender roles were altered

Population Catastrophes The I.R. may have stemmed human catastrophes resulting from population growth Overpopulation & rural poverty most severe in Ireland – Irish Potato Famine – No improvement in agriculture – Potato crop failures in 1845, 1846, 1848, & 1851 – 1 million fled Ireland between 1845 & 1851 – 1.5 million died Rapid population growth (as in Ireland) without industrialization may have led to similar results in other parts of Europe