© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. NATION OF NATIONS, SIXTH EDITION DAVIDSON DELAY HEYRMAN LYTLE STOFF Chapter 7: The American People & The American Revolution

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Day 1 What grade are you earning in this class? What do you need to do to earn the grade you want? How have you earned the grade you are receiving?

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Preview “Would Americans actually fight for independence? Even after the Battle of Bunker Hill, the answer was not clear. But British victories in the North were countered by an American triumph at Saratoga, convincing the French to commit to a crucial alliance with the United States...” “Would Americans actually fight for independence? Even after the Battle of Bunker Hill, the answer was not clear. But British victories in the North were countered by an American triumph at Saratoga, convincing the French to commit to a crucial alliance with the United States...” 3

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Highlights The Decision for Independence The Decision for Independence –Pro’s Con’s Consequence’s The Fighting in the North The Fighting in the North –British victories The Turning Point The Turning Point –Saratoga, Trenton, Princeton The Struggle in the South The Struggle in the South –Militia outlast Cornwallis The World Turned Upside Down The World Turned Upside Down 4

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Decision for Independence The Second Continental Congress The Second Continental Congress –May address the question of Independence or Reconciliation –Drafted the “Olive Branch Petition” (July 1775) as a last-ditch effort at peace  Affirmed loyalty to the King, disavow (get rid of all knowledge) of the policies set forth by his ministers –Declaration aim of independence yet created Continental Army and issued paper money 5

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. British response was aggressive  Lord George Germain determined to stop revolution w/ force –Shut down all ports, seize merchant ships –Governor Dunmore of Virginia offered freedom to any slaves who fought for the British

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. British Aggression and the Media British shell Norfolk, Va ended hopes of reconciliation Thomas Paine Common Sense January of 1776  120,000 copies in 3 months  Advocates that time of argument has changed to one of conflict  Denounced Monarchy as foolish, dangerous, violates reason and the Bible  Presence of ocean  An age of republicanism and America was the asylum of liberty

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Declaration of Independence The Declaration of Independence –Thomas Jefferson, age 33, selected to write the explanation and Legitmacy of America’s attempts at independence  Self evident truths, unalienable rights, life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, from Creator, –Blamed George III; affirmed government by consent of the people 8

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. –Declaration of Independence adopted, July 4, 1776 –Equality at the center of the new nation American Loyalists American Loyalists –Large pockets of loyalists, or “tories,” in the colonies, particularly in seaboard areas and parts of the backcountry 1/5 of population

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© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Primary Source 6-2

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Day 2 What question was addressed at the second continental congress? Who wrote the Declaration of Independce? What things did the Declaration of Indepence blame on George II?

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Fighting in the North The Two Armies at Bay The Two Armies at Bay Washington faced the British army Washington faced the British army 50,000 troops, 30,000 Hessians, and 1/2 of world’s largest navy 50,000 troops, 30,000 Hessians, and 1/2 of world’s largest navy The Continental “regulars” and colonial militias The Continental “regulars” and colonial militias 16,600 men, short on supplies, men, food 16,600 men, short on supplies, men, food Trouble gaining enlistments Trouble gaining enlistments Due to low pay, discipline, death and disease Due to low pay, discipline, death and disease “Women of the Army” wives of poor soldiers worked in exchange for half- rations “Women of the Army” wives of poor soldiers worked in exchange for half- rations 13

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Laying Strategies Laying Strategies –British assumed that the rebellion could be quashed by focusing on Massachusetts resistance  Boston fortified the Dorchester Heights and fire on ships. English retreated to Nova Scotia –By 1776, British enlarged target to New England  Conventional warfare by capturing major cities and crushing forces in a decisive battle 14

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Problems in British military leadership: William (Army) and Richard (Navy) Howe NYC 8/22/ ,000 British v. 23,000 beat Washington Spent fall chasing rebels through NY, PA, DE, Dec 7 British retired to NYC The Campaigns in NY and NJ The Campaigns in NY and NJ –Continental victories at Trenton 12/25/1776 –Princeton 1/3/1777 –spurred support for the rebellion –British quartering at NYC angered citizens –Rise of militia

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Capturing Philadelphia Capturing Philadelphia –Summer 1777: British focus on Philadelphia –Washington’s army defeated –British conduct during capture of the city in the fall of 1777 engendered hatred, Disaster at Saratoga Disaster at Saratoga –October 19, 1777 New York General John”Gentleman Johnny” Burgoyne” fought Benedict Arnold and attempted to return to Canada via road. surrendered entire army to Gen. Horatio Gates at Saratoga –Victory convinced France to help Americans 16

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© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Soaps 6-7 and questions 1-3

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Day 3 Describe Christmas Eve in 1776 at Trenton? Why was the battle of Saratoga significant? What was a Hessian?

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Turning Point The American Revolution a Global War The American Revolution a Global War Benjamin Franklin the key figure in strengthening the French-American alliance Benjamin Franklin the key figure in strengthening the French-American alliance Treaty of commerce, friendship, alliance. Independence only option Treaty of commerce, friendship, alliance. Independence only option Winter of 1778: Continental Army at Valley Forge Winter of 1778: Continental Army at Valley Forge 20% soldiers died, Spring supplies and Baron Von Stuben, moral and training 20% soldiers died, Spring supplies and Baron Von Stuben, moral and training Resentment of spoiled food, clothes, and pay results in mutiny Resentment of spoiled food, clothes, and pay results in mutiny 20

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Home Front in the North The Home Front in the North –Devastation from war continued to produce social, economic, and political problems  Occupying armies, families split, –Daughters of Liberty remained vigilant supporters of war effort 21

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© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Struggle in the South The Siege of Charleston The Siege of Charleston –British captured Savannah, Georgia in 1778 –Moved on to Charleston, which surrendered in 1780  Siege that result in the redcoats sitting in malarial swamps  Shelling resulted in burning of homes  Clinton returned leaving Lord Charles Cornwallis to lead the campaign to Virginia 23

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The Partisan Struggle in the South The Partisan Struggle in the South –The fall of Charleston energized the loyalist movement on the frontier –Rebels and loyalists battled for the backcountry, both committing brutal acts  1775 rebels tortured, imprisoned, mobbed loyalist  1780 tide switched to partisan war fare  British did nothing to control abuses –Major American defeat at Camden, S.C.  Gen Horatio Gates loses and Congress replaces Gates w/ R.I. Nathaniel Greene 24

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. SOAPS 6-10 Questions 1-3

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Day 4 Why did the British want to control the South? Why is it important to control the conduct of soldiers during war? Why is Valley Forge significant?

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Greene Takes Command Greene Takes Command Orders Von Steuben to provide food and clothing, backs local militias, and stops abuses in South Carolina by rebels Orders Von Steuben to provide food and clothing, backs local militias, and stops abuses in South Carolina by rebels unconventional campaign unconventional campaign Split army forcing British to do the same. Split army forcing British to do the same. Southern militia units stemmed the British advance northward Southern militia units stemmed the British advance northward Sabotage, intimidating loyalist, fading in and out of the wood work Sabotage, intimidating loyalist, fading in and out of the wood work 27

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. African Americans in the Age of Revolution African Americans in the Age of Revolution –Black Americans made up one-third of southern population –Dunmore’s offer of freedom in 1774 sparked white fears of slave rebellion that never materialized –African Americans sought liberty by fighting for both sides: approximately 55,000 fled to freedom behind British lines and to the North 28

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. The World Turned Upside Down Surrender at Yorktown Surrender at Yorktown –Marched army to Va and linked up w/ Benedict Arnold –Cornwallis waiting for British navy, which did not arrive in time –British surrounded by American and French troops, and by French navy –Cornwallis surrendered, October 19,

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Treaty of Paris Treaty of Paris Sept 3, 1783 Ben Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay Sept 3, 1783 Ben Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay Independence and boundaries set as the Mississippi, 31st parallel in the south, present Canadian boundary, Spain got Florida and Minorca (Mediterranean Island) Independence and boundaries set as the Mississippi, 31st parallel in the south, present Canadian boundary, Spain got Florida and Minorca (Mediterranean Island) The Significance of a Revolution The Significance of a Revolution –Americans fought on their own terms –the Continental Army bore the brunt of the successful rebellion 30

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. SOAPS 6-11 and questions 1-3

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. DAY 5 What battle ended the war? What was the name of the treaty that ended the war? What were the conditions of the treaty? Who bore the brunt of the fighting in the revolution?

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Discuss the causes and consequences of the American Declaration of Independence in 1776? How did the colonist grievances shape their decision to form a republic?