Unit 2 Test Review Answers

People

Sam Adams Founder and Leader of the Sons of Liberty

George Washington Commander of the Continental Army Experienced and inspiring Led the Continental Army to a victory, against many odds Ex. Limited training, limited numbers, and limited supplies

Thomas Jefferson Wrote the Declaration of Independence

Marquis de Lafayette French General Helped Continental soldiers at Valley Forge Bought clothing with his own money Trained the troops so they’d be ready to fight on the spring.

Bernardo de Galvez Spanish General Helped the Colonists by defeating the British in several battles in Louisiana and Florida

Thomas Paine Wrote Common Sense to encourage colonists to separate themselves from Britain, so that they could become a profitable. “Our corn will fetch its price in any market in Europe…” Wrote The American Crisis to inspire the continental army to continue fighting despite their struggles.

Patrick Henry Before American Revolution: Radical colonial leader who opposed to British Taxes. Helped stage boycotts “Give Me Liberty Or Give Me Death” written to inspire colonists to join the patriot cause After American Revolution: Anti Federalist He thought that the Constitution didn’t do enough to ensure the people’s rights.

John Locke Argued that people had natural rights which could not be taken away. Life, Liberty, and Property His ideas were written into the Declaration of Independence as life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

Battles

Lexington & Concord 1 st battles of the American Revolution “…the shot heard round the world.” Ralph Waldo Emerson

Bunker Hill “Don’t fire until you see the whites of their eyes.” Because they needed to save ammunition Moral victory of the Continental Army because they held off the world’s most powerful army

Saratoga Turning point of the war Treaty of Alliance OFFICIAL between France and the American Government

Yorktown Last major battle of the American Revolution British General, Lord Cornwallis, was trapped by American and French soldiers Trapped, Lord Cornwallis and his troops surrender Americans win their independence

Events

French and Indian War War between England and France Britain claimed that the colonists (who were the benefactors of the war) would have to pay the debt This led to many new TAXES which angered the colonists

Valley Forge Long cold winter for Washington’s troops Full of hardships Desperate need of food and warm clothing Starvation Sickness Exposure to the cold

Boston Massacre Tensions between colonists and soldiers was at an all time high in Group of soldiers was being taunted by a large crown of colonists. Soldiers got scared and opened fire, killing 5 people. Rallying cry for freedom. Paintings and engravings created to help sway public opinion and increase opposition to British rule in the colonies.

Road to the Revolution

Proclamation 1763 What? Proclamation by King George III, stated colonists couldn’t settle West of the Appalachian Mountains Why? Britain wanted peace because it was too expensive to fight Native Americans Effect: Colonist were furious and thought this was just an attempt by the British to have more control over them.

Enlightenment– Unalienable Rights Natural rights that cannot be taken away Life, liberty, and property

Second Continental Congress Created the Declaration of Independence Voted to organize a national army and appointed George Washington as its commander in chief.

Declaration of Independence Written by Thomas Jefferson, 1776 “That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed.” Ensuring unalienable (natural) rights Document listed grievances against King George III

Forming A New Government

Albany Plan of Union Written/drawn by Benjamin Franklin First formal proposal to unite the colonies.

Articles of Confederation No power to enforce laws No power to tax, regulate trade 14 different currencies No national court No chief executive No national Army Laws: one state = one vote What are they afraid of? A STRONG government. What does this remind them of? King George III!

Federalists Debated for ratification (approval) of the Constitution Strong Central Gov’t Powerful Executive Branch Wanted to ratify Constitution as written.

Federalists Papers Essays written and published to help support ratification of the Constitution.

Anti – Federalists Against ratification Wanted stronger states’ rights More people’s rights Demanded the Bill of Rights be added to protect the individual rights of the people from the government.

Northwest Ordinance Created new rules for the territory to become states Each had to have 60,000 free citizens to become a state

3/5ths Compromise North: Slaves should count for taxation Slaves should not count as citizens for representation South Slaves should not count for taxation Slaves should count for the population Compromise: Slaves will count as 3/5ths of a person when setting taxes and representation

Great Compromise 3 Branches of Government 2 Houses in the Legislative Branch 2 Senators per state (equality for all states) House of Representatives based on population.

Virginia Plan BIG state plan 3 branches of government Legislative branch would have two houses Houses based on population

New Jersey Plan Small state plan Legislative Branch would have one house One State = One Vote Small states wanted everyone to have EQUAL representation

Constitution Written in Branches of Government Defines separation of powers by establishing a Supreme Legislature, Judiciary, and Executive branch Explains how to elect representatives Lays out how the Constitution can be changed (or amended)

Bill of Rights Created to protect individual rights. Specifically guarantees freedoms and gives rights to the US and the states

Timelines

#1 Treaty of Paris 1783 Declaration of Independence Articles of Confederation Constitution Bill of Rights

#2 Battle of Saratoga Washington flees NY British capture Charleston British surrender at Yorktown Treaty of Paris 1783