Review for final exam

Structure of essay Your thoughts?

Structure of essay: My thoughts Lots to cover: 2 issue areas, 3 theories, 6 tenets Cover as many tenets as you can cover well, at least Ensure you Cover major points Compare across theories and across issue areas Show clear knowledge of theories and application Keep intro and conclusion short Use headings

My suggested structure Intro Focus Describe facts about Focus: conflict is common in issue 1 but cooperation among people in different countries more common in issue 2; in both issues there is some cooperation among countries Facts of Issue 1 fit best with focus of Realists while facts of Issue 2 fit better with focus of Feminist/Disenfranchised view; similarities in interstate cooperation fit better with institutionalism Repeat for A-G-M-O-D Compare issues: overall, Institutionalism explains more of Issue 1 but Realism plus Feminist theories explains more of Issue 2 Conclusion

RealismInstitutionalismFeminist Theory Focus – what is being explained? Actors – who are considered the main actors to watch? Goals – what are the goals of the main actors? Means – what means do actors use to achieve their goals? Organizing Principles – how is the international system organized? Dynamics – what does the process of international relations look like?

RealismInstitutionalismFeminist Theory Focus – what is being explained? Conflict Actors – who are considered the main actors to watch? States are primary and act as unitary rational actors Goals – what are the goals of the main actors? Survival, security, and hence, power Means – what means do actors use to achieve their goals? Military force is usable, effective, and fungible Organizing Principles – how is the international system organized? Anarchy and self- help Dynamics – what does the process of international relations look like? Acquisition and balancing of power

RealismInstitutionalismFeminist Theory Focus – what is being explained? ConflictCooperation Actors – who are considered the main actors to watch? States are primary and act as unitary rational actors Multiple actors (states, MNCs, NGOs); not always unitary or rational Goals – what are the goals of the main actors? Survival, security, and hence, power Econ & social goals as well as security Means – what means do actors use to achieve their goals? Military force is usable, effective, and fungible Asymmetry in interdependence; issue-specific power Organizing Principles – how is the international system organized? Anarchy and self- help Anarchy mitigated by norms, rules, & institutions Dynamics – what does the process of international relations look like? Acquisition and balancing of power Alternation of cooperation & conflict

RealismInstitutionalismFeminist Theory Focus – what is being explained? ConflictCooperationConflict between genders, rather than between states Actors – who are considered the main actors to watch? States are primary and act as unitary rational actors Multiple actors (states, MNCs, NGOs); not always unitary or rational Individuals gendered as masculine and feminine Goals – what are the goals of the main actors? Survival, security, and hence, power Econ & social goals as well as security Individual security and well-being Means – what means do actors use to achieve their goals? Military force is usable, effective, and fungible Asymmetry in interdependence; issue-specific power use of gender identities, even by the state, in service of the state Organizing Principles – how is the international system organized? Anarchy and self- help Anarchy mitigated by norms, rules, & institutions Patriarchy, gendered hierarchical structure Dynamics – what does the process of international relations look like? Acquisition and balancing of power Alternation of cooperation & conflict Reconstruction & maintenance of gendered hierarchies

Applications to different issue areas Security IPE Human rights Environment

Concepts Security Conflict, cooperation, harmony Power Role of states Goals of states Means states use Roles of institutions

The future of IR Focus Actors Goals Means Organizing Principle Dynamics

Individuals can make a difference Structure vs. agency as deep theme of course How to act in small ways that make big changes to structure over time 1,000s of small decisions each year – bias your decisions toward your goals Individuals can make a difference Jody Williams and Campaign to Ban Landmines Razia Jan: Afghan-born, lives in Massachusetts, provides free education to Afghan girls Razia Jan: Skateistan (min 1-8) Skateistan