Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois Differing ideas on how blacks could best achieve full equality and on African American education Washington: felt that blacks should achieve economic success before trying to gain political equality Du Bois: blacks should strive to achieve immediate equality with whites in all aspects of American life

The Ghost Dance Westward expansion—Indians gradually lose their lands The “Ghost Dance” Sitting Bull and the Sioux Wounded Knee

Helped farmers form cooperatives Fought unfair practices of railroad companies Farmers’ Alliances The Grange

Jane Addams and Hull House Jane Addams “Settlement” houses/Hull House Provided activities and services for poor immigrants Jane Addams Immigrant children at Hull House

Founded in 1891 Goals 1892 election: Populist candidate James Weaver carries 10% of vote 1896 election: William Jennings Bryan’s defeat kills Populist Party The Populist Party William Jennings Bryan

Combinations Vertical and horizontal integration Trusts Holding companies Gilded Age Business Practices Andrew Carnegie John D. Rockefeller

Attempted to combat “illegal restraint of trade” Flaws Didn’t truly become effective until the early 1900s The Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Natural selection Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner “Survival of the fittest” as applied to the business world Laissez-faire Social Darwinism Herbert Spencer William Graham Sumner

Based on a essay written by Andrew Carnegie Carnegie believed that acquisition of wealth was beneficial to society Viewed the rich as “trustees” of money He wrote that the man who “dies rich, dies disgraced” Portrayed philanthropy as a moral duty for the wealthy The Gospel of Wealth

Popular Gilded Age children’s author Wrote books on how “down and out” boys could achieve the “American Dream” and become wealthy through “pluck and luck” Social Darwinism Horatio Alger

1898: U.S. Industrial Commission TR decides aggressively file antitrust actions TR’s reforms Taft continues TR’s policies “Trustbusting”

National Labor Union Knights of Labor American Federation of Labor (AFL) Early Labor Unions Samuel Gompers Terence V. Powderly

Conflicted American attitudes toward immigration “Melting pot”: assimilation “Tossed salad”: multicultural- ism Immigration: “Melting Pot” or “Tossed Salad”?

Imperialism: strong nations extend their influence (economic, political, military) over other territories or nations Proponents Anti-Imperialists Imperialism

The Philippines Cuba: Teller and Platt Amendments Imperialism (continued) Senator Orville Platt

Turmoil in China “Open Door” policy formulated by U.S. Secretary of State John Hay No nations formally accepted Hay’s proposal, but they didn’t counter the Open Door policy’s provisions either Boxer Rebellion, second Open Door notes The Open Door Policy Secretary of State John Hay

Latin American nations had borrowed heavily from European banks Roosevelt Corollary: addition to the Monroe Doctrine U.S. as an international police power The Roosevelt Corollary

Progressivism What was Progressivism? Collection of reform movements “Muckrakers” Achievements Upton Sinclair Demonstration against child labor

Progressive Political Reforms “Fighting Bob” LaFollette’s “Wisconsin Idea” Referendum, initiative, recall Senator Robert “Fighting Bob” LaFollette

Nation’s first income tax had been instituted during Civil War, but was declared unconstitutional Underwood Tariff Act of 1913 Sixteenth Amendment Income Tax

First national park: Yellowstone, 1872 Theodore Roosevelt: First conservationist president U.S. Forest Service Conservationism TR (left) and John Muir (center, with beard)

Proposed by President Woodrow Wilson in 1918 Included his ideas for a peace treaty to end World War I “League of Nations” Versailles Treaty Wilson’s Fourteen Points

Founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) Suggested that blacks return to Africa Forerunner of “Black Separatist” movement of 1960s Marcus Garvey and the UNIA Marcus Garvey (far right)

The “noble experiment”: the 18 th Amendment Underground market for liquor emerges Rise of “gangsters” and “bootleggers” Repealed in 1933 with the passage of the 21 st Amendment Prohibition Al Capone

A “great car for the great multitude” First assembly line running by 1913 Assembly line adapted to other industries Henry Ford’s Assembly Line

The “installment plan”—“buy now and pay later” Credit pitfalls for customers, merchants, manufacturers 1929 crash Consumer Credit in the 1920s