Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 No single theory accounts for all forms of motivation, because each motive involves its own mix of biological, mental, behavioral, and social/cultural influences How Are Achievement, Hunger, and Sex Alike? Different?

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Need for Achievement (n Ach) Mental state that produces a psychological motive to excel or reach some goal The desire to attain a difficult, but desired, goal

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Thematic Apperception Test example A story showing a high n Ach would have more positive overtones about the boy’s desire to be a musician A story showing a low n Ach would have more negative overtones about the negative aspects of learning the instrument

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Three Types of Needs Need for Achievement (nAch) Need for Affiliation (nAff) the need for friendly social interactions and relationships with others. Need for Power (nPow) the need to have control or influence over others.

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 A Cross-Cultural Perspective on Achievement Individualism View that places a high value on individual achievement and distinction Common in the Western world…Europe, the U.S. Collectivism View that values group loyalty and pride over individual distinction Common in Asia, Africa, Latin America, Middle East

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Hunger as Motivation Eating comes naturally If it was entirely learned, you would probably starve before learning it

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The Multiple-Systems Approach to hunger – Hunger combines many facts: – --the body’s energy requirements – --food preferences (Sweet/high fat foods) – --environmental food cues – --cultural demands – --social norms – --basic body biology Example: Your readiness to eat a piece of pizza depends on… when you last ate whether you like pizza the time of day are your friends encouraging you to have a piece is it culturally acceptable are you dieting

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Set Point – Refers to the tendency of the body to maintain a certain level of body fat and body weight

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Motivation and Hunger  The hypothalamus controls eating and other body maintenance functions

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Motivation and Hunger

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Eating Disorders Bulimia Nervosa Bulimia Nervosa Anorexia Nervosa Anorexia Nervosa less than 85% of desirable weight and still believes is fat

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Weight Control The human body adapted to periods of feast and famine… a good thing for stone age humans, not so good for today’s world

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Women’s Body Images 1 – 5 Scale

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The Thinning of Miss America Trend in Body Mass Index (BMI) of Miss America Pageant Winners BMI, kg/m² Year of Pageant World Health Organization’s cutoff point for undernutrition (18.5) Trend line

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Watch “These pretzels are making me thirsty” video

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The Thirst Drive Volumetric Thirst A drop in extracellular fluid levels (Fluid outside the cells, such as in the blood)

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The Thirst Drive Osmotic Thirst A drop in intracellular fluid levels Results from water moving through the cell walls…escaping in the form of sweat, urine, feces, mucus, breath moisture

Pain Usually produces a drive to avoid or remove, rather than seek, a stimulus.

Sex and Motivation Sex in NOT a homeostatic drive because it does not return the body to a state of equilibrium The brain is the major sex organ in humans

The Scientific Study of Sexuality 1. Alfred Kinsey: Beginning in 1948, interviewed 17,000 Americans concerning their sexual behavior. Finding: Certain sexual behaviors, considered rare, were common 2. Masters and Johnson 1960s-70s Brought sex into the laboratory – Sexual Response Cycle – Four-stage sequence of arousal, plateau, orgasm, and resolution occurring in both men and women

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Sexual Motivation Same drives, different attitudes

Sexual Scripts Socially learned ways of responding in sexual situations Both learning and genetics affect our sexual behaviors

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Motives in Conflict Approach-Approach Conflict A conflict in which one must choose between two equally attractive options Finishing college and a full-time job offer Easiest conflict to resolve

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Motives in Conflict Approach-Avoidance Conflict A conflict in which there are both appealing and negative aspects to the decision to be made Going out to a party, knowing that you will be grounded for being at the party.

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Motives in Conflict Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict A conflict in which one must choose between two equally unattractive options You intensely hate your job, but fear the reality of unemployment if you quit

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Motives in Conflict Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflict A conflict in which one must choose between options that have both many attractive and many negative aspects Go to the Party Meet friends Have a good time Aren’t alone Aren’t bored Go to the Party Get grounded Don’t study for a test …fail it Do something stupid that you’ll regret

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The Origins of Sexual Orientation Heterosexuality Homosexuality Several theories about orientation…testosterone levels and parenting do not contribute

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 The Origins of Sexual Orientation

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Watch video Case studies of sexual orientation in twins