PUBLIC SPEAKING Using Language Copyright

Q:Crusade or Jihad? 1. Holy war undertaken as a sacred duty. 2. Any vigorous, emotional movement for an idea or principle. 3. Any vigorous, aggressive movement for the defense or advancement of an idea, cause, etc. 4. War carried on under religious sanction. (dictionary.com) Copyright 20122

A:Crusade or Jihad 1. Holy war undertaken as a sacred duty [...] J 2. Any vigorous, emotional [movement] for an idea or principle. J 3. Any vigorous, aggressive movement for the defense or advancement of an idea, cause, etc. C 4. […]War carried on under [religious] sanction. C Copyright 20123

Denotative Meaning Literal or dictionary meaning of word or phrase Copyright 20124

Connotative Meaning Meaning suggested by associations or emotions triggered by word or phrase Copyright 20125

Language Use Guidelines Use language clearly and accurately Use language vividly Use language appropriately Copyright 20126

Use Language Clearly and Accurately Abstract Words Refer to general concepts, qualities, or attributes – The big vehicle started moving with a lot of noise and smoke. Copyright 20127

Use Language Clearly and Accurately Concrete Words Refer to tangible objects – The space shuttle Atlantis launched. Copyright 20128

Use Language Clearly and Accurately Abstract vs. Concrete Physical activity Sports Golf Professional golf Tiger Woods Copyright Abstract Concrete

Use Language Vividly Creating Imagery Creates mental images of objects, actions, ideas – “He dove for the ball” describes this: Copyright

Use Language Vividly Creating Imagery “It was the final point in the ‘Breast Cancer Awareness Beach Volleyball Tournament’. Wearing his bright pink hat, and with his teammate looking on in dread, he fully extended himself for the ball as it plummeted towards the sand. His dive saved the point and won the match.” describes this: Copyright

Use Language Vividly Creating Imagery Copyright

Use Language Vividly Creating Imagery Copyright

Use Language Vividly Simile Comparison (explicit) Introduced with “like” or “as” Copyright

Use Language Vividly Simile “Air pollution is eating away at the monuments in Washington, D.C., like a giant Alka-Seltzer tablet.” Copyright

Use Language Vividly Metaphor Comparison (implicit) Not introduced with “like” or “as” Copyright

Use Language Vividly Metaphor “America’s cities are the windows through which the world looks at American society.” Copyright

Use Language Vividly Rhythm Pattern of sound created by your choice and/or arrangement of words Copyright

Use Language Vividly Exploiting Rhythm of Language Copyright

Use Language Vividly Parallelism Similar arrangement of pair or series of related words, phrases, sentences Copyright

Use Language Vividly Parallelism “Rich and poor, intelligent and ignorant, wise and foolish, virtuous and vicious, man and woman—it is ever the same, each soul must depend wholly on itself.” Copyright

Use Language Vividly Repetition Reiterating same word or set of words at beginning or end of successive clauses, sentences Copyright

Use Language Vividly Repetition “If not now, when? If not us, who? If not together, how?” Copyright

Use Language Vividly Alliteration Repeating initial consonant in close or adjoining words Copyright

Use Language Vividly Alliteration “Our colleges, our communities, our country should challenge hatred wherever we find it.” Copyright

Use Language Vividly Antithesis Juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure Copyright

Use Language Vividly Antithesis “Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.” Copyright

Using Language Appropriately Copyright For the: – Occasion – Audience – Topic – Speaker

Using Language Appropriately Inclusive Language Does not stereotype, demean on basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, etc. Copyright

Using Language Appropriately Inclusive Language Avoid generic “he” Avoid use of “man” when referring to both men & women Avoid stereotyping jobs, social roles by gender Use names groups use to identify themselves Copyright

Using Language Appropriately Avoid the Generic “He” Inappropriate: – Whenever a surgeon walks into the operating room, he risks being sued for malpractice. Copyright

Using Language Appropriately Avoid the Generic “He” More appropriate: – Whenever a surgeon walks into the operating room, she or he risks being sued for malpractice. – Whenever surgeons walk into the operating room, they risk being sued for malpractice. Copyright

Using Language Appropriately Avoid Generic “Man” Inappropriate: – If a large comet struck the earth, it could destroy all of mankind. More appropriate: – If a large comet struck the earth, it could destroy all human life. – If a large comet struck the earth, it could destroy all life. Copyright

Using Language Appropriately Avoid Stereotyping Inappropriate – Being a small businessman in the current economic climate is not easy. More appropriate – Being a small business person in the current economic climate is not easy. – Owning a small business in the current economic climate is not easy. Copyright

Using Language Appropriately Use Group Self-Identifiers Inappropriate – The Paralympics show what handicapped people can accomplish in the athletic arena. More appropriate – The Paralympics show what people with disabilities can accomplish in the athletic arena. – The Paralympics show what the differently abled can accomplish in the athletic arena. Copyright