The Atmosphere: An Introduction to Meteorology, 12th

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
1.Greenhouse Effect 2.The CO 2 Cycle, Long-Term Climate Change 3.Ice Ages and Short-Term Climate Change 4.Human-Induced Climate Change.
Advertisements

© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. CHAPTER 16 The Oceans and Climate Change.
Climate change can be discussed in short, medium and long timescales. Short-term (recent) climate change is on a timescale of decades, an example would.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Earth: An Introduction to Physical Geology, 10e Tarbuck & Lutgens.
Outline Review of Ocean Stratification and Circulation Recent historical Climate Change External Climate Forcings Natural Climate Variability Paleoclimatology.
CHAPTER 16 The Oceans and Climate Change
Essential Principles Challenge
Class #11: Wednesday July 21 Earth’s changing climate Chapter 16 1Class #11 Wednesday, July 21.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Climate Change. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Earth’s Climate System Climate – long-term atmospheric conditions in a region.
1 Climate Change Bause/Kulman North Farmington High School.
The Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming. Diffuse Radiation - Clear skies: 80% of insolation reaches the surface - Cloudy skies: 10-45% of insolation.
{ Natural Changes in Climate.  8.9 Long Term and Short Term Changes in Climate  8.10 Feedback Loops and Climate  8.11 Clues to Past Climates.
8.8 Energy Transfer within the Climate System. Air and Ocean Circulation  Sun hits earth at different intensities and latitudes  Water and land absorb.
Chp 16 CLIMATE CHANGE.  Climate change refers to the changes average weather patterns.  More or less rain then normal in some areas, more or less wind,
Chapter 4 Sections 3 and 4 Long Term Changes in Climate Global Changes in the Atmosphere.
Discussion 4/24 Climate patterns & climate change.
Climate Science What earth systems processes influence climate change?
Wednesday May 18, 2011 (Human Impact on Global Climate) (Period 5 Only)
I. I.Climate Change – Greenhouse Gases A. A.Background Greenhouse Effect Gases absorb heat Natural Greenhouse Effect Mean planetary temperature = 15 o.
Science, Society and Solutions
Samayaluca Dune Field, south of Juarez, Chihuahua Global Climate Change.
Lecture 8 The Holocene and Recent Climate Change.
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The Atmosphere: An Introduction to Meteorology, 12 th Lutgens Tarbuck Lectures by: Heather Gallacher, Cleveland.
Chapter 14: Climate change The earth’s changing climate The earth’s changing climate Possible causes of climatic change Possible causes of climatic change.
HUMAN IMPACT ON CLIMATE CHANGE Chapter 8
Environmental Problems Pollution Climate Change. Marine Pollution The introduction into the ocean by humans, substances that changes the physical, chemical.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 18 Global Climate Change Part A PowerPoint ® Slides prepared by Jay Withgott.
2. Climate: “average” weather conditions, but the average doesn’t stay steady. I.e. Ice ages, El Niño, etc. 1. Weather: state of the atmosphere at a given.
THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT Greenhouse Gases:  chemical compounds in the atmosphere that trap heat  they retain a proportion of the sun’s heat through the.
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. CHAPTER 16 The Oceans and Climate Change.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 16 Climate Change.
Climate Change. Determining past climate The methods used to study the past climate typically involve physical, chemical, biological processes sensitive.
Chapter 14 The Changing Climate The Atmosphere 10e Lutgens & Tarbuck Power Point by Michael C. LoPresto.
Lecture 15 Defining climate, climate controls Climate classification
Warm Up 4/15 Where are dry-summer tropical climates found in the United States? a. Utah c. Texas b. Arizona d. California Another name for a semi-arid.
SC.912.E.7.2: Analyze the causes of the various kinds of surface and deep water motion within the oceans and their impacts on the transfer of energy between.
Climate and Climate Change Chapter 21
Edexcel AS Geography Unit 1 – Global Challenges (6GE01) World at Risk Climate change and its causes – Part B.
I. I.Climate Change – Greenhouse Gases A. A.Background Greenhouse Effect Gases absorb heat (not light) Natural Greenhouse Effect Mean planetary temperature.
Climate Change November 4, Global Climate Change Global Warming – describes a rapid increase in the temperature of Earth’s surface, water, and atmosphere,
Chapter 13: The Earth’s Changing Climate Climate change Climate change Possible causes of climatic change Possible causes of climatic change Global warming.
Causes of Climate Change Think: What is climate change? (key words you have heard on the news, important impacts, etc) Global Climate Change
Chapter: Climate Section 3: Climatic Changes.
Studying Past Climates
STUDYING PAST CLIMATES. STUDYING CLIMATE IN THE PAST Paleoclimatologists study past climates They use Proxy records; which are stores of information in.
WHAT IS IT AND WHAT ARE SCIENTISTS DOING TO GATHER INFORMATION ABOUT IT? Climate Change.
Warm Up 1.What is a supervolcano? 2.What does sulfur do in the atmosphere? How does it effect climate? Time’s Up!
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. The Oceans and Climate Change Chapter 1 Clickers Essentials of Oceanography Eleventh Edition Alan P. Trujillo Harold V.
Climate Change: Impacts and Responses Topic 2: The Earth's Climate System 1.
Climate Change. Causes Several factors affect global climate: 1.Changes in solar output 2.Changes in Earth's orbit 3.Changes in the distribution of continents.
Unit 3 Notes Part 5: Climate Change. What are natural causes that could result in global climate change? Plate tectonics – when the continents move they.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 16 The Oceans and Climate Change.
Climate Change. Climate and Geology are Linked Climate impacts geologic processes Geologic processes impact climate Study of sediments, fossils, sedimentary.
Earth’s Climate System
Climate Change.
Natural & anthropogenic causes
Chapter 17 Climate.
Climate Changes.
Science 9 Review for the Climate Change
DO NOW Pick up notes and Review #25..
Climate Cycles & Recent Climate Change.
Mr. Good Environmental Science
AOSC 200 Lesson 23.
The Ocean and Climate Change
Chapter: Climate Section 3: Climatic Changes.
Climate Cycles & Recent Climate Change.
Köppen Climates Highland climates
Climate.
Natural Changes in Climate
21.3 Climate Changes Objectives Vocabulary
Presentation transcript:

The Atmosphere: An Introduction to Meteorology, 12th Chapter 14: The Changing Climate The Atmosphere: An Introduction to Meteorology, 12th Lutgens • Tarbuck Lectures by: Heather Gallacher, Cleveland State University Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Climate System The climate system involves exchanges of energy and moisture among five spheres. Atmosphere Hydrosphere Biosphere The solid Earth Cryosphere, the Earth’s surface that is solid water

The Climate System

How is Climate Change Detected? Proxy data comes from sea floor sediments, glacial ice, fossil pollen, and tree growth rings, as well as from historical documents. Paleoclimatology: Scientists who analyze proxy data and reconstruct past climates are engaged in paleoclimatology.

How is Climate Change Detected? Sea floor sediment—a storehouse of climate data: This sediment consists of dead, near-surface organisms that accumulate on sea floor. Oxygen-isotope analysis: This analysis measures the ratio between 16O (common) and 18O (heavier) in ocean water. There is more 18O in water during glacial times. There is more 16O in water during interglacial times.

How is Climate Change Detected? Climate change recorded in glacial ice: Scientists collect ice cores with a drilling rig. Ice cores contain a detailed record of changing air temperatures and snow fall. They also contain air bubbles trapped in the ice, which contain a record of variations in atmospheric composition.

How is Climate Change Detected? Tree rings provide archives of environmental history. Dendochronology is the dating and study of tree rings. Thick tree rings indicate favorable conditions for growth. Thin tree rings indicate unfavorable conditions.

How is Climate Change Detected? Other types of proxy data: Analyzing fossil pollen makes it possible to obtain high-resolution records of vegetational changes in an area. Corals exhibit seasonal growth bands. The accuracy and reliability of climate data extracted from corals has been established when compared to recent instrumental records. Historical data sometimes will contain information, but do not readily lend themselves to climate analysis.

Natural Causes of Climate Change Plate tectonics Volcanic activity Variations in Earth’s orbit Solar variability

Natural Causes of Climate Change Plate tectonics and climate change: Tectonic plates move very slowly and produce very gradual changes.

Natural Causes of Climate Change Volcanic activity and climate change: Major eruptions eject material into atmosphere. This material filters out solar radiation. It also lowers the temperature in the troposphere. The Mount St. Helens eruption lowered the temperature 0.1°C. El Chichon, in 1982, lowered the temperature 0.3–0.5°C. Mount Pinatubo, in 1991, lowered temperature 0.5°C.

Natural Causes of Climate Change Variations in Earth’s orbit The Milankovitch mathematical model is based on several elements. Variations in shape (eccentricity) of Earth’s orbit about the Sun. Changes in obliquity—that is, changes in the angle of axis. Precession, the wobbling of Earth’s axis.

Natural Causes of Climate Change

Natural Causes of Climate Change Solar variability and climate: Sunspots are huge magnetic storms on the Sun’s surface. They eject large numbers of particles that interact with gases in the Earth’s upper atmosphere. They are on, approximately, an 11-year cycle between high and low activity.

Natural Causes of Climate Change Sunspots and temperature Low sunspot activity has been identified with colder periods in North America and Europe. Sunspots and drought Periods of drought in the western United States coincide with the 22-year magnetic cycle of the Sun.

Human Impact on Global Climate Addition of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Altering amount of ground cover: Changes albedo Evaporation rates Surface winds

Carbon Dioxide, Trace Gases and Climate Change Rising CO2 levels: Higher levels are due to burning fossil fuels and deforestation. Some of the excess is taken up by plants or is dissolved in the oceans.

Carbon Dioxide, Trace Gases and Climate Change The atmosphere’s response Global Warming

Carbon Dioxide, Trace Gases and Climate Change Role of trace gases: Methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) all absorb wavelengths of outgoing radiation from Earth.

Carbon Dioxide, Trace Gases and Climate Change

Climate-Feedback Mechanisms When one or more component of climate system is altered, scientists must consider many possible outcomes.

Climate-Feedback Mechanisms Types of feedback mechanisms: The effects of positive-feedback mechanisms reinforce the initial change. Negative-feedback mechanisms produce results that are just the opposite of the initial change.

Climate-Feedback Mechanisms

Climate-Feedback Mechanisms Computer models of climate: Important yet imperfect tools. Mathematical models are simplified versions of the real climate. Earth’s climate system is very complex. It is difficult to model all variables.

How Aerosols Influence Climate Aerosols are tiny, liquid and solid particles that are suspended in the air. Natural sources include wildfires, dust storms, breaking waves, and volcanoes. Human-generated aerosols come from the combustion of fossil fuels and burning vegetation. Black carbon is soot generated by combustion processes.

Some Possible Consequences of Global Warming Sea-level rise

Some Possible Consequences of Global Warming The changing Arctic: The loss of Arctic sea ice is occurring and represents a positive-feedback mechanism. Permafrost has decreased, which also represents a positive-feedback mechanism. Increasing ocean acidity is caused by CO2 being absorbed by oceans, which decreases pH. The potential for “surprises” Climate change can bring unexpected results.

End Of Chapter 14