Prepared by Prof.Dr Nefissa A. kader Vice Dean of education and Student Affairs Faculty of Nursing – Cairo university

Analysis Analysis of conceptual model *origin of the model *unique focus and content of the model Evaluation Evaluation of conceptual *Explication of origin *Comprehensiveness of the content *Generation of theory *logical congruence *Credibility *Contribution to the discipline of nursing

The aim of the analysis is to present an objective and nonjudgmental description of the origins and content of the conceptual model. The aim of the analysis is to present an objective and nonjudgmental description of the origins and content of the conceptual model.

Analysis is an objective breakdown of statements into component elements Analysis is an objective breakdown of statements into component elements To identify To identify To identify any concepts relationships relative hierarchy between concepts of ideas contained in the conceptual model between concepts

Analysis of conceptual model of nursing, requires a systematic, detailed review of all available publications and presentations by the author of the model to determine exactly what has been aid, rather than relying on inferences about what might have been meant or by referring to other authors’ interpretations of the conceptual model. Analysis of conceptual model of nursing, requires a systematic, detailed review of all available publications and presentations by the author of the model to determine exactly what has been aid, rather than relying on inferences about what might have been meant or by referring to other authors’ interpretations of the conceptual model.

The first step in the analysis of conceptual models of nursing is examination of four aspects of its origins.

The historical evolution of the conceptual models is described, and the author’s motivation for developing the conceptual model is explicated. The questions to ask are... W What are the origins of the conceptual model? hat is the historical evolution of the conceptual model?

eg. Model of Johnson over period of 20yrs. Beginning in early 1940, as she developed baccalaureate nursing course she motivated to ask several question.. What is explicit, ideal goal of nursing? historical approach led her to accept from Nightingales nursing traditional concern with person who is ill, rather than with person disease." focus on basic human need of person and concern for relationship between person & environment”.

the author’s philosophical claims about nursing and the knowledge development strategies used to formulate the conceptual models are examined. ** Johnson underlying behavioral system model in the form of beliefs, assumptions and value system.

The questions to ask are... On what philosophical beliefs and values about nursing is the conceptual model based? On what philosophical beliefs and values about nursing is the conceptual model based? What strategies for knowledge development were used to formulate the conceptual model? What strategies for knowledge development were used to formulate the conceptual model?

the influences on the author’s thinking from nurse scholars and scholars of adjunctive disciplines are identified of a concept & irrelevant attributes. What scholars influenced the model author’s thinking?

e.g.. Starting with Nightingale, Johnson acknowledged the influence of many scholars on development of behavioral system model. Johnson went to explain that Nightingale work “ provide direction to her “ thinking”. e.g.. Starting with Nightingale, Johnson acknowledged the influence of many scholars on development of behavioral system model. Johnson went to explain that Nightingale work “ provide direction to her “ thinking”.

the worldview reflected by the conceptual model is specified. the worldview reflected by the conceptual model is specified. What worldview is reflected in the conceptual model? What worldview is reflected in the conceptual model? e.g. Reciprocal interaction worldview also is reflected in Johnson description of the person as actively seeking new experience. e.g. Reciprocal interaction worldview also is reflected in Johnson description of the person as actively seeking new experience.

 The second step in the analysis of a conceptual model of nursing is examination of its unique focus and its content.

The question is What is the unique focus of the conceptual model? What is the unique focus of the conceptual model? eg. The unique focus of the behavioral system model is the person as behavioral system. eg. The unique focus of the behavioral system model is the person as behavioral system. “ Person is primary component of this nursing model”

Therefore, this part of the analysis is most readily accomplished first by This part categorizing the content of the model into definitions and descriptions of person, environment, health, and nursing. Then, in the language of conceptual model, statement reflecting the linkage of metaparadigm concept can be extracted. Therefore, this part of the analysis is most readily accomplished first by This part categorizing the content of the model into definitions and descriptions of person, environment, health, and nursing. Then, in the language of conceptual model, statement reflecting the linkage of metaparadigm concept can be extracted.

How are nursing’s four metaparadigm concepts explicated in the model? How are nursing’s four metaparadigm concepts explicated in the model? How is person defined and described? How is person defined and described? How is environment defined and described? How is environment defined and described? How is health defined? How are wellness and illness differentiated How is health defined? How are wellness and illness differentiated

How is nursing defined? What is the goal of nursing? How is nursing defined? What is the goal of nursing? How is the nursing process described? How is the nursing process described? What statements are made about the relationships among the four metaparadigm concepts? What statements are made about the relationships among the four metaparadigm concepts?

The evaluation, in contrast of analysis of conceptual model requires judgments to be made about the conceptual model with regard to the extent to which it satisfies specific external criteria. The evaluation, in contrast of analysis of conceptual model requires judgments to be made about the conceptual model with regard to the extent to which it satisfies specific external criteria.

The evaluation is based on the results of the analysis, as well as on a review of previously published critiques, research reports, and reports of the application of the conceptual model in nursing education, administration and practice. The evaluation is based on the results of the analysis, as well as on a review of previously published critiques, research reports, and reports of the application of the conceptual model in nursing education, administration and practice.

Evaluation of a conceptual model of nursing is accomplished by comparing its content with criteria that address Explication of origins. Explication of origins. Comprehensiveness of focus and content. Comprehensiveness of focus and content. Logical congruence. Logical congruence. theory-generating capabilities. theory-generating capabilities. Credibility. Credibility. contributions to nursing discipline. contributions to nursing discipline.

The first step of evaluation concerns the origins of the conceptual model. Identification of the author’s beliefs and values yields information about the philosophical foundations of the model and helps to identify special points of emphasis in the view of nursing.

Are the philosophical claims on which the conceptual model is based explicit? Are the philosophical claims on which the conceptual model is based explicit? Are the scholars who influenced the model author’s thinking acknowledged, and are bibliographical ? Are the scholars who influenced the model author’s thinking acknowledged, and are bibliographical ?

e.g. Johnson explicated the origins of the Behavioral System Model clearly and concisely. e.g. Johnson explicated the origins of the Behavioral System Model clearly and concisely. her philosophical claims in the form of beliefs about the profession of nursing, assumptions and value system. acknowledge other scholars She was especially informative with regard to the influence of Nightingale's work and general system theory on the development of the Behavioral system model.

The second step of evaluation deals with the comprehensiveness of the content of the model, with emphasis placed on the depth and breadth of the content. The second step of evaluation deals with the comprehensiveness of the content of the model, with emphasis placed on the depth and breadth of the content.

Does the conceptual model provide adequate descriptions of all four concepts of nursing’s metaparadigm? Does the conceptual model provide adequate descriptions of all four concepts of nursing’s metaparadigm? Do the relational propositions of the conceptual model completely links the four-metaparadigm concepts? Do the relational propositions of the conceptual model completely links the four-metaparadigm concepts?

The criterion for the breadth of the content of the conceptual model requires that it is The criterion for the breadth of the content of the conceptual model requires that it is sufficiently broad in scope to provide guidance in clinical situations of normalcy, risk, crisis, and morbidity, as a basis for research, education, and administration.

The questions to ask when evaluating the breadth of the content of the conceptual model are: ls the researcher given sufficient direction about what questions to ask and what methodology to use? ls the researcher given sufficient direction about what questions to ask and what methodology to use? Does the educator have sufficient guidelines to construct a curriculum? Does the educator have sufficient guidelines to construct a curriculum? Does the administrator have sufficient guidelines to organize and deliver nursing services? Does the administrator have sufficient guidelines to organize and deliver nursing services?

logic of its internal structure. Logical congruence is evaluated through the intellectual process of critical reasoning, which “highlights strength and explores problem inherent in a line of reasoning”. logic of its internal structure. Logical congruence is evaluated through the intellectual process of critical reasoning, which “highlights strength and explores problem inherent in a line of reasoning”.

The questions to be asked when evaluating logical congruence are The questions to be asked when evaluating logical congruence are Is the internal structure of the conceptual model Logically congruent? Does the model reflect more than one contrasting worldview? Does the model reflect characteristics of more than one category of nursing knowledge?

eg. Content of model clearly flow from Johnson philosophical claim and it reflects reciprocal interaction worldview. eg. Content of model clearly flow from Johnson philosophical claim and it reflects reciprocal interaction worldview.

theories. The need for logically conceptual- theoretical systems of nursing knowledge for nursing activities mandates that at least some theories be derived from each conceptual model.

The question is What theories have been generated from the conceptual model? What theories have been generated from the conceptual model?

Social utility Social utility Social congruence Social congruence Social significance Social significance The ultimate aim of credibility determination is to ascertain which conceptual models are appropriate for use in

Social utility.. Social utility.. addresses the special education required to apply the conceptual model; the feasibility of implementing the conceptual model in nursing practice; and the extent to which the conceptual model is actually used to guide nursing research, education, administration and practice.

The question to be asked when evaluating the social utility of a conceptual model is: Are education and skill training required prior to application of the conceptual model in nursing practice? Are education and skill training required prior to application of the conceptual model in nursing practice? eg. Johnson (1980) claimed that the behavioral system model “has already proved its utilty in providing clear direction for practice, education, and research.

Social congruence.. refers to the compatibility of conceptual model-based nursing activities with the expectations of the patient, the community, and the health care system for nursing practice. Social congruence.. refers to the compatibility of conceptual model-based nursing activities with the expectations of the patient, the community, and the health care system for nursing practice.

Dee (1990) added, “The Johnson Model has provided nurses with a framework not only to describe phenomena but also to explain, predict and control clinical phenomena for the purpose of achieving desired patient out comes. Dee (1990) added, “The Johnson Model has provided nurses with a framework not only to describe phenomena but also to explain, predict and control clinical phenomena for the purpose of achieving desired patient out comes.

Empirical evidence supporting the claims made by Johnson, Grubbs, (1990), who reported a statistically significant increase in both cancer patients’ and nurses’ satisfaction with nursing process, including the comprehensiveness of assessment, the interventions, and the effectiveness of outcomes, according to the Behavioral System Model compared with routine clinical assessment. Empirical evidence supporting the claims made by Johnson, Grubbs, (1990), who reported a statistically significant increase in both cancer patients’ and nurses’ satisfaction with nursing process, including the comprehensiveness of assessment, the interventions, and the effectiveness of outcomes, according to the Behavioral System Model compared with routine clinical assessment.

Social significance.. the criterion of social significance requires a judgment to be made with regard to the social value of the conceptual model, with emphasis placed on the effect of use of a conceptual model on patients’ health status. Social significance of a conceptual model can be determined by informal and formal methods. Social significance.. the criterion of social significance requires a judgment to be made with regard to the social value of the conceptual model, with emphasis placed on the effect of use of a conceptual model on patients’ health status. Social significance of a conceptual model can be determined by informal and formal methods.

T The informal method of determining social significance is accomplished in three phases. First, prototype conceptual-theoretical system of nursing knowledge is developed for each clinical specialty areas or each nursing department and for various patient populations. Next, each nurse for each patient develops an individualized system of knowledge. Nursing care then is carried out in accordance with the nursing process of the selected conceptual model, which is amplified by logically congruent middle-range theories. he formal method of determining social significance is accomplished by examining the findings of research guided by conceptual- theoretical-empirical systems of nursing knowledge.

eg. Poster (1989) provided initial empirical evidence of the social significance of the Behavioral System Model. Using the Patient Classification Instrument developed by Auger and Dee (1983), she found that 90 percent of the 38 adolescent psychiatric inpatients studied had an adaptive change in at least one behavioral category after I week of Behavioral System Model based nursing care. eg. Poster (1989) provided initial empirical evidence of the social significance of the Behavioral System Model. Using the Patient Classification Instrument developed by Auger and Dee (1983), she found that 90 percent of the 38 adolescent psychiatric inpatients studied had an adaptive change in at least one behavioral category after I week of Behavioral System Model based nursing care.

The judgment is made following a thorough review of all of the literature dealing with the conceptual model.

Judgments should not be made on the basis of the comparison of one conceptual model with another. Each conceptual model should be judged on its own merits and in accord with its own philosophical claims. The expectation is that the conceptual model enhances understanding of phenomena of interest to nursing The question is: What is the overall contribution of the conceptual model to the discipline of nursing? What is the overall contribution of the conceptual model to the discipline of nursing?

eg. Johnson behavioral model system The model offers a reasonably precise and limited ideal goal for nursing by stating the end product desired. The model offers a reasonably precise and limited ideal goal for nursing by stating the end product desired. The model directs our attention to those aspect of the patient, in all his complex reality. The model directs our attention to those aspect of the patient, in all his complex reality. It offers a focus for intervention and suggests the major modes of intervention which will be required. It offers a focus for intervention and suggests the major modes of intervention which will be required.