MT. ST. HELENS

PLANET WATER?

ONLY 30% OF OUR PLANET IS SOIL

Greek-( atmo) air Greek-(bio) life Greek-(hydro) water Greek-(litho) stone FOUR EARTHLY SPHERES

Equator 7,926 mi. across

PLATES MOVE BY THE FORCE OF CONVECTION

CIRCULAR MOVEMENT CAUSED WHEN A MATERIAL IS HEATED, EXPANDS, AND RISES, AND THEN COOLS AND FALLS. THIS PROCESS IS THOUGHT TO BE OCCURRING IN THE MANTLE ROCK BENEATH THE PLATES.

Alfred Wegener German explorer suggested the continental drift theory in the early 1900s.

TECTONIC PLATES ON THE EARTH SEVEN LARGE PLATES AND MANY SMALLER PLATES

SPREADING SUBDUCTION FAULTING

This is occurring in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean.

Thingvellir rift valley in Iceland

SURTSEY

This is what Surtsey looks like today.

SUBDUCTION

NEW HAWAIIAN ISLAND FORMING- Loihi (Low-EE-Hee) Will reach surface in 50,000 yrs.

CONVERGENCE OF TWO CONTINENTAL PLATES

Kilauea in Hawaii One of the most active volcanoes in the world

Seaquakes can cause tsuanamis

TSUNAMI-JAPANESE FOR HARBOR WAVE

EARTHQUAKES Tectonic plate movement also causes earthquakes Seismographs measure earthquakes The Richter scale measures magnitude and strength –under or more Fires and floods often consume areas of an earthquake because gas and water pipe lines break Animal behavior key to alerting us of danger

Kobe, Japan 1995

HUMAN/ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION THE JAPANESE HAVE BEEN RETROFITTING (REINFORCING) PILLARS OF HIGHWAYS AND BRIDGES and INSTALLING BASE ISOLATORS WHICH HELP BUILDINGS MOVE SOMEWHAT TO ACCOMMODATE AN EARTHQUAKE

THEY HAVE BEEN BUILDING FLEXIBLE GAS AND WATER PIPES SO THAT THE LINES WILL NOT BREAK AS EASILY DURING AN EARTHQUAKE DEVELOPING A WARNING SYSTEM AND A PLAN FOR EVACUATION

Forces on the surface of the earth contribute to Hurricanes, typhoons, cyclones Tornadoes Floods Fires Drought Avalanches Storms/Blizzards/lightning Landslides

Wind patterns distribute the sun’s energy around our planet.

OCEAN CURRENTS Circulate cold water from polar regions toward the equator. Then warm currents move away from the equator cooling as it nears the polar regions.

RUBBER BATH TOYS FOUND STILL FLOATING IN OCEAN AFTER 11 YEARS OF BEING LOST AT SEA. 29,000 BATH TOYS FELL OVERBOARD. Only 400 have been recovered.

HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

The Six-Year List of Hurricane Names for Atlantic Storms ( ) Arthur Bertha Cristobal Dolly Edouard Fay Gustav Hanna Isidore Josephine Kyle Lili Marco Nana Omar Paloma Rene Sally Teddy Vicky Wilfred Ana Bill Claudette Danny Erika Fabian Grace Henri Isabel Juan Kate Larry Mindy Nicholas Odette Peter Rose Sam Teresa Victor Wanda Alex Bonnie Charley Danielle Earl Frances Gaston Hermine Ivan Jeanne Karl Lisa Matthew Nicole Otto Paula Richard Shary Tomas Virginie Walter Arlene Bret Cindy Dennis Emily Franklin Gert Harvey Irene Jose Katrina Lee Maria Nate Ophelia Philippe Rita Stan Tammy Vince Wilma Alberto Beryl Chris Debby Ernesto Florence Gordon Helene Isaac Joyce Kirk Leslie Michael Nadine Oscar Patty Rafael Sandy Tony Valerie William Andrea Barry Chantal Dean Erin Felix Gabrielle Humberto Ingrid Jerry Karen Lorenzo Melissa Noel Olga Pablo Rebekah Sebastien Tanya Van Wendy Do you see your name here? Hurricane Names

Arthur Bertha Cristobal Dolly Edouard Fay Gustav Hanna Ike Josephine Kyle Laura Marco Nana Omar Paloma Rene Sally Teddy Vicky Wilfred Hurricane names for 2008 New cycle starts with names from 2002

WHAT IS EL NINO? EL NINO IS A WARM OCEAN CURRENT THAT DEVELOPS IN THE PACIFIC OCEAN ALONG THE EQUATORIAL WEST COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA AND MAY EXTEND ACROSS THE PACIFIC

AMONG THESE CONSEQUENCES ARE: INCREASED RAINFALL ACROSS THE SOUTHERN PART OF THE U.S. AND IN PERU DROUGHT IN THE WEST PACIFIC El NINO OCCURS EVERY 2-10 YEARS AND CAN LAST UP TO TWO YEARS IN THE PAST 40 YEARS, 9 EL NINOS HAVE AFFECTED CLIMATE THROUGHOUT THE WORLD

LA NINA COLD OCEAN CURRENT THAT DEVELOPS IN THE PACIFIC OCEAN ALONG THE EQUATORIAL WEST COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA

LA NINA EL NINO

EL NINO-more rain southeast, drought in northwest

LA NINA-less rain southeast and southwest, more in north and nw

EL NINO-Warmer temperatures north & west, cooler southeast

LA NINA-warmer temperatures east/southeast, cooler west and northwest

WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ROTATION AND REVOLUTION?

ROTATION THE SPINNING MOTION OF THE EARTH ON ITS AXIS TILTED AT 23 ½ DEGREES.

REVOLUTION ONE COMPLETE ORBIT OF THE EARTH AROUND THE SUN 365 ¼ DAYS

9/23 3/21 12/21 6/21

INTERNATIONAL DATE LINE 180 DEGREES WESTERN DATE ONE DAY BEHIND EASTERN DATE How many time zones are there in the world?