EARTHQUAKES Chapter 6 Honors earth science

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Presentation transcript:

EARTHQUAKES Chapter 6 Honors earth science

apps Apps Quake Feed Earthquake! Earthquake map and alerts Earthquake- Quake Tracker

LARGEST QUAKES SINCE 1900 Chile Alaska Alaska Sumatra Japan Chile

MAJOR RECENT QUAKES Sumatra /26/04 230,000 Haiti 7.01/12/10316,000 Chile 8.82/27/ Japan 9.03/11/11 28,000 + Chile Nepal 7.8 4/25/2015 8,000+

What is an Earthquake? Vibration of earth from rapid release of energy (from plate boundaries) Focus- Epicenter-

After shocks Smaller quakes following “main shock” Plate readjusting to new location

faults

Normal fault tensional stress along divergent boundaries footwall Hanging wall

Reverse (thrust) fault compressional stress along convergent boundaries footwall Hanging wall

Strike slip shearing stress along transform boundaries

San Andreas Fault

EARTHQUAKE WAVES

A seismogram records wave amplitude vs. time

GPS seismometer

Seismograph

P waves Primary travel fastest travels through solids AND liquids compressional wave –push/pull

Primary (P) waves

S waves Secondary travels only through solids (NOT liquids) Up and down motion

Secondary (S) waves

Surface waves Travel on surface slow Movement is similar to water waves

Michigan quake 5/2/15

Mantle info: core info: outer= inner=

A time-travel graph is used to find the distance to the epicenter

The epicenter is located using three or more seismograph

INTENSITY OF QUAKE Depends on –energy released (magnitude) –distance from epicenter –rock type (soft=worse) –Depth (shallow=worse)

SCALES Richter (1935) 1 to ? –each step 10x more energy than previous step Moment Magnitude –Mw –Good for large quakes –Most accurate Mercalli (1902) –measures damage –I- XII

Who wants to move to CA?

Intra plate earthquakes Occasionally a quake will occur in the middle of a plate- INTRAPLATE –stress fractures? Ancient faults –Volcanic?

Michigan earthquakes Year Date Lat. Long. Mag. City 1877 Aug Greenfield 1938 Mar Gibralter 1938 Mar ? Gibralter 1947 Aug Coldwater 1977 Oct L Superior 1980 Apr L Superior 1982 Nov Scotts 1994 Sep Central Lansing 2001 Oct Prairie L

NEW MADRID EARTHQUAKES Magnitude 8.1 (approx) Dec th worst earthquake in US history Rang church bells in Detroit Made Mississippi River flow backwards

Earthquake hazards Structural damage –Most common Tsunamis Fires (electrical lines + gas lines) Landslides liquifaction

Liquifaction

Formation of a tsunami

Japan tsunami 2011 video

tsumami

Bay Bridge 1989

Kobe, Japan

Alaskan school, Good Friday 1964

Olympia Washington, 1949

Bird’s eye view of tents among rubble in Tangshan

Pakistan 2005

What to do in a earthquake? Protect yourself from falling debris –Under tables –Duck and cover DO NOT –Light fire (gas leaks?) –Go to basement!