Odor and H2S Emissions from Laying House Teng-Teeh Lim, Albert J. Heber, Ji-Qin Ni Agricultural and Biological Engineering Purdue University Building Environment Research & Education AgAirQuality.com

New Laying Houses (2000)  1 of 14 barns  2 million bird total capacity  37 m wide and 183 m long  246,000 birds in cages.

The Laying House Fan inlets 76 exhaust fans 73, 122-cm fans 37 m x 183 m house Ceiling inlets 10 rows of hens Under cage slot 246,000 hens Stage 1: 4 fans Stage 2: 5 fans Stages 3-6: 9 fans Stage 7: 15 fans Stage 8: 13 fans Stored litter

Cages High Rise Building Design

Long-Term Manure Storage

Picture of lab

Heated Raceway for Sampling Lines

 Instrument space, protection and security  Key to quality assurance  Analyst comfort  Mobile Instrument Shelter CO 2 analyzer NH 3 analyzer H 2 S analyzer Pulsed flourescence (convert H 2 S to SO 2 ) ISU module Calibration gases GSS TEOM controllers

N Mixing manifold Floor plan (186 m x 30 m) Hall Exhaust air locations Instrument shelter 3 11 Air inlet group AD592 temperature sensors Air sampling locations Vane anemometer RH/temp probe Static pressure port To instrument shelter 1 10 Attic Pit Cages Side view 2 4 Cages End view Instrument shelter Pit

Monitoring Plan at Laying House Hydrogen sulfide emission = k * 186 m 3 /s x 414*(17 – 2)/(273+20) = 340 g/d

Solenoid valves H2SH2S P2 M4 M3 F4 Exhaust Analyzer Sample lines Sampling bag Probe manifold Analyzer manifold 3.6 L/min 1.0 L/min

AC’SCENT International Olfactometer  14 dilution levels  Dilution ratios: to 8  Triangular forced-choice  Single sniffing port  10 L sample size

Odor sampling at fan outlet Source: Heber et al., 2002 Vacuum chamber Vane anemometer Severe dust buildup Equality

Solenoid valves H2SH2S P2 M4 M3 F4 Exhaust Analyzer Sample lines Bag filling Probe manifold Analyzer manifold 3.6 L/min 1.0 L/min Filter

LabTests of 2 Dirty Fans at UIUC’s BESS Lab

Cleaned Airflow, m 3 /s Fan with Plastic Shutter New belt Dirty Published Dirty is 14-24% < published Static Pressure, Pa

Teng and FANS test

In-Field Fan Tests Further airflow degradation found in in-field tests and fans operating more frequently had greater degradation factors

Data Acquisition System  State of the art hardware, software  On-line data inspection  Alarm s  Automatic backups  Instrument interfacing  Sample line control

Means ± 95% C.I. Inventory245,278 birds Bird mass1.57 kg Bird mass density57.4 kg/m 2 Ventilation rate204 ± 63 m 3 /s Inlet air temperature12.2 ± 4.4°C Inlet relative humidity61.3 ± 9.2% Exhaust air temperature21.6 ± 1.7°C

Hydrogen Sulfide Results

Hydrogen Sulfide Concentrations /273/133/274/104/245/85/226/5 Day of test, mm/dd Concentration, ppb Exhaust air (mean=19.7±4.8 ppb)

n-butanol vs. H 2 S

Hydrogen Sulfide Concentrations /273/133/274/104/245/85/226/5 Day of test, mm/dd Concentration, ppb Exhaust air Inlet air (mean=3.1±4.3 ppb)

Hydrogen Sulfide Concentrations and Emission Rates /273/133/274/104/245/85/226/5 Day of test, mm/dd Concentration, ppb Emission, mg s Exhaust air Inlet air Emission rate (mean = 5.6 ± 1.3 μg/s-AU)

Odor Results

Odor Concentrations (OU/m 3 ) /273/133/274/104/245/85/226/5 Day of test, mm/dd Odor conc., OU E m ODC b ppb ODC b (mean = 42 ppb)

Odor Concentrations (OU E /m 3 ) /273/133/274/104/245/85/226/5 Day of test, mm/dd Odor conc., OU E m -3 Exhaust (mean = 316 OU E /m 3, n=13)

Odor Concentrations (OU E /m 3 ) /273/133/274/104/245/85/226/5 Day of test, mm/dd Odor conc., OU E m -3 Exhaust Inlet (mean = 51 OU E /m 3, n=13)

/273/133/274/104/245/85/226/5 Day of Test Emission, OU E s AU Odor emission rate Mean = 50,400 OU E /s = 65.6 OU E /s-AU = 7.53 OU E /s-m 2 mc=36.4% pH=8.4 mc=26.0% pH=8.3 mc=25.0% pH=8.3

/273/133/274/104/245/85/226/5 Day of Test Ventilation Rate, m 3 s Emission, OU E s AU Ventilation rate Odor emission rate

/273/133/274/104/245/85/226/5 Day of Test Ventilation Rate, m 3 s Emission, OU E s AU Temperature, o C Inlet T Ventilation rate Emission rate

/273/133/274/104/245/85/226/5 Day of Test Ventilation Rate, m 3 s Inlet T Ventilation Rate Exhaust T Emission Rate Emission, OU E s AU Temperature, o C

Hedonic Tone v. Odor Concentration Inlet air mean = -1.9 Exhaust air mean = -5.0

Hedonic Tone v. Odor Concentration

Conclusions  Mean exhaust air H 2 S concentration was 20 ppb.  Mean H 2 S emission rate was 5.6 μg/s-AU.  Mean hedonic tone of exhaust air was -5.  Mean exhaust odor intensity was 3200 ppm BIW.  Mean exhaust odor concentration was 316 OU E /m 3.  Mean odor emission was 66 OU E /s-AU.

Thank you!