Progressive Period: Rebuilding Georgia

Jim Crow Laws Were laws that mandated the segregation of African Americans and whites. Examples: White only water fountains and colored only water fountains

Plessy v. Ferguson Homer Plessy refused to move from a “whites only” passenger car. In 1896, the Supreme Court disagreed with Plessy and ruled that segregation was not against the Constitution. “Separate but equal” meant that it was legal for races to be kept separate as long as they provided equal facilities for both races.

Disenfranchisement - denying a person the right to vote. METHODS Poll Tax - a fee that a voter had to pay in order to vote. Property Test - a voter had to demonstrate that he owned property. Literacy Test - A voter was required to pass a test to show they could read and write. GRANDFATHER CLAUSE - In order to allow poor whites to vote, states passed this law that stated if a person had an ancestor that could vote before 1867 then they could vote. It only helped whites because 1867 was the first year blacks could vote.

Racial Violence As African Americans gained more power, the KKK activities increased. They caused race riots and terrorist activities at this time. A common practice at this time was also lynching.

Booker T. Washington He was born into slavery and was educated by a freedmen’s school. He later headed the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama which prepared African Americans for agricultural work.

Booker T. Washington “Negro problems” - Washington referred to the poor social and economic conditions of African Americans. Washington believed that progress for African Americans would come gradually and could not be forced. His idea of African Americans and whites sharing the responsibility and importance of education over equality was known as the “Atlanta Compromise.”

W.E.B. DuBois DuBois disagreed with Booker T. Washington. He felt that he was accepting the racism of Southern whites and that African Americans should fight for total racial equality. DuBois founded the Niagra Movement where many civil rights activists gathered at Niagra Falls to assemble a list of demands to end segregation. This movement led to the founding of the NAACP.

John Burns Hope - 1st African American president of Morehouse College and Atlanta University which became the first college to offer graduate education for African Americans. Lugenia Hope - created the first woman-run social welfare agency for African Americans in Georgia.

Alonzo Herndon By the time of his death in 1927, Alonzo Herndon was the wealthiest African American in Atlanta. Gained his wealth through barbershops in America. He then used his money to purchase a failing mutual aid association. It became the Atlanta Mutual Insurance Association (AMIA). It’s worth grew from $5,000 to $400,000 in 17 years. He also helped found the Niagara movement.

Georgia Story – Alonzo Herndon lonzo_herndon_family lonzo_herndon_family

Child Labor and Textile Mill hild_labor_and_the_textile_mills hild_labor_and_the_textile_mills

Ticket out the door In one page, explain the differences in Booker T. Washington’s beliefs and W.E.B. DuBois’ beliefs. Which method do you think was better and why do you think this would be more successful?

The assassination of Ferdinand happened on June 28, 1914 in Serbia. Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia. Allies of each country take sides and WORLD WAR I begins! World War I

Ideology - a system of ideas that guides individuals, social movements or groups of people. Germany began to feel that they should be equal partners with the world powers like England, France, Russia, and U.S. In the late 1800’s, Germany becomes more aggressive and wants to build up their influence throughout the world. Germany conflicted with all European powers except Austria-Hungary.

Ethnic Conflicts - conflicts among groups of people that share a common and distinctive culture. Austro-Hungarian Empire consisted of many ethnic groups. Only Austrians and Hungarians were allowed to vote. Other ethnic groups disliked not having the right to vote.

Nationalism Nationalism - the devotion and loyalty to one’s own ethnic background or country of origin. Nationalism in the Balkans led to a widespread struggle for independence.

Taking Sides Central Powers  Germany  Austria-Hungary  Turkey  Bulgaria Allied Powers  Great Britain  France  Russia  United States  Italy  Serbia

Georgia’s Contributions Georgia’s economy began to suffer. Due to the fighting in Europe, Georgia products (cotton, timber, and tobacco) were not able to reach European markets.

Georgia’s Role Georgia housed 5 different military bases. The largest of these bases was Fort Gordon, which trained the 82nd All-American Division. Georgia had more training camps than any other state in the country. During World War I, over 100,000 Georgian men and women contributed to the victory for the Allies. In Georgia, over 2,000 combat pilots were trained. Georgia also had a prisoner of war camp that held over 4,000 prisoners.

The Boll Weevil is Evil The Boll Weevil laid its eggs in the cotton bulb. When the eggs hatched, the larvae fed on the cotton.

Farmers during World War I Farmers were encouraged to produce as many crops as possible so that American troops would be well fed during the war.

Causes of the Dust Bowl Because of the increased farming production the soil became overworked. At the same time, there was a severe drought that dried out the soil. Strong winds literally blew the topsoil away.

The Affect on Georgia Many farmers were forced to leave their farms. Some Georgians left the state to look for opportunities elsewhere.

Characteristics of a Depression During a depression there is high unemployment, people can’t afford many goods, and businesses lose money or go out of business.

The United States in the 1920s People bought goods on credit, which led to debt. Businesses showed increased profits because of credit purchases. Many people bought stocks in companies, which allowed companies to expand rapidly.

Black Tuesday On October 29, 1929 the value of stocks in the stock market dropped drastically. People tried to sell all of their stock at the same time, which led to a decrease in the stock’s value.

The Affect on the Banks People that lost money in the stock market crash could not afford to payback their debts (bank loans) and were forced to sell their possessions. Banks ran out of money because they could not collect enough money on loans. People that tried to get money out of their savings accounts were told their money was gone.

The Affect on Everyday People Many people were forced to sell nearly all of their possessions in order to pay their debts. Businesses had to fire workers in order to save money. Businesses also could not afford to produce as many products.

Ticket out the door In a half page, explain how our economy today is like that during the time of the Great Depression.