Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Historical stages of Pediatric Dentistry. Place Pediatric Dentistry among dental disciplines and general pediatrics. The main problems sections Pediatric Dentistry. The role of local scientists in the development of the discipline.

Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Introduction Pediatric dentistry is the specialized area of dentistry that is limited to the care of children from birth through adolescence, with particular focus on providing oral health care to patients with special needs.

Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.  The office should display cheerfulness, a pleasant environment with a nonthreatening decor.  Treatment areas are designed with an open bay concept.  Dental personnel dress in bright coordinating colors.  The office should display cheerfulness, a pleasant environment with a nonthreatening decor.  Treatment areas are designed with an open bay concept.  Dental personnel dress in bright coordinating colors. The Pediatric Dental Office

Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.  Chronologic age The child's actual age in terms of years and months.  Mental age The child's level of intellectual capacity and development.  Emotional age The child's level of emotional maturity.  Chronologic age The child's actual age in terms of years and months.  Mental age The child's level of intellectual capacity and development.  Emotional age The child's level of emotional maturity. The Pediatric Patient

Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.  Birth to age 2 Children learn to sit, stand, walk, and run. Vocally, they progress from babbling to using simple sentences. Can identify familiar faces and progress through periods of being friendly and then fearful of strangers. Too young to be expected to cooperate in dental treatment.  Birth to age 2 Children learn to sit, stand, walk, and run. Vocally, they progress from babbling to using simple sentences. Can identify familiar faces and progress through periods of being friendly and then fearful of strangers. Too young to be expected to cooperate in dental treatment. Stages of Childhood

Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.  Ages 3 to 5 years This child needs to be allowed to develop autonomy and initiative. This child requires control and structure in his or her environment. Able to follow simple instructions. Welcomes an active role in the treatment experience.  Ages 3 to 5 years This child needs to be allowed to develop autonomy and initiative. This child requires control and structure in his or her environment. Able to follow simple instructions. Welcomes an active role in the treatment experience. Stages of Childhood  cont’d

Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.  Ages 6 to 11 years Period of socialization. Learning to get along with people. Learning the rules and regulations of society Learned to overcome fears of objects and situations.  Ages 6 to 11 years Period of socialization. Learning to get along with people. Learning the rules and regulations of society Learned to overcome fears of objects and situations. Stages of Childhood  cont’d

Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.  Be honest with a child.  Consider the child's point of view.  Use “tell, show, do.”  Give positive reinforcement.  Be honest with a child.  Consider the child's point of view.  Use “tell, show, do.”  Give positive reinforcement. Behavior Management

Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. The Difficult Patient  Premedication Prescribed to calm and ease the patient prior to treatment.  Nitrous oxide oxygen Method of mild sedation that can help calm a patient for treatment.  Physical restraint Used to prevent a possible injury to the child, dentist and or assistant.  Premedication Prescribed to calm and ease the patient prior to treatment.  Nitrous oxide oxygen Method of mild sedation that can help calm a patient for treatment.  Physical restraint Used to prevent a possible injury to the child, dentist and or assistant.

Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.  Mental retardation Mild mental retardation describes individuals with IQs ranging from 50 ‑ 55 to 70. Moderate mental retardation describes individuals with IQs ranging from 35 ‑ 40 to 50 ‑ 55. Severe mental retardation describes individuals with IQs ranging from 20 ‑ 25 to 35 ‑ 40. Profound mental retardation describes individuals with IQs ranging from below 20 to 25.  Mental retardation Mild mental retardation describes individuals with IQs ranging from 50 ‑ 55 to 70. Moderate mental retardation describes individuals with IQs ranging from 35 ‑ 40 to 50 ‑ 55. Severe mental retardation describes individuals with IQs ranging from 20 ‑ 25 to 35 ‑ 40. Profound mental retardation describes individuals with IQs ranging from below 20 to 25. Special Patients

Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.  Down syndrome Also named trisomy 21. These individuals have a chromosomal aberration that usually results in certain abnormal physical characteristics and mental impairment. The mental impairment may range from mild to moderate retardation.  Down syndrome Also named trisomy 21. These individuals have a chromosomal aberration that usually results in certain abnormal physical characteristics and mental impairment. The mental impairment may range from mild to moderate retardation. Special Patients  cont’d

Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.  Cerebral palsy is a nonprogressive neural disorder caused by brain damage that occurred prenatal, during birth, or postnatal before the central nervous system reached maturity. Characterized by paralysis, muscle weakness, lack of coordination, and other disorders of motor function. Special Patients  cont’d

Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.  Medical and dental history Past hospitalizations and surgeries. Date of child's last visit to the physician. Medications, daily medications. Unfavorable reaction to any medicine, allergies. Weight at birth and any problems at birth. Level of learning. Main concern about the child's dental health. Finger, thumb, or pacifier habits. Fluoride and toothbrush habits. Inherited family dental characteristics.  Medical and dental history Past hospitalizations and surgeries. Date of child's last visit to the physician. Medications, daily medications. Unfavorable reaction to any medicine, allergies. Weight at birth and any problems at birth. Level of learning. Main concern about the child's dental health. Finger, thumb, or pacifier habits. Fluoride and toothbrush habits. Inherited family dental characteristics. Diagnosis and Treatment Planning

Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.  Clinical examination Radiographic examination Extraoral examination Intraoral soft tissue examination Clinical examination  Clinical examination Radiographic examination Extraoral examination Intraoral soft tissue examination Clinical examination Diagnosis and Treatment Planning  cont’d

Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.  Oral hygiene Geared to improving a child's brushing and flossing technique.  Fluorides Children between 6 months and age 16 should take in fluoride daily.  Diet Review specific nutrients a child needs to grow.  Oral hygiene Geared to improving a child's brushing and flossing technique.  Fluorides Children between 6 months and age 16 should take in fluoride daily.  Diet Review specific nutrients a child needs to grow. Preventive Dentistry

Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.  Sealants Applied to the teeth to help keep them cavity-free.  Oral/Facial development To identify malocclusion, crowded or crooked teeth, bite problems, and actively intervene.  Sports safety Protective face equipment worn during any recreational sport that might injure the mouth area.  Sealants Applied to the teeth to help keep them cavity-free.  Oral/Facial development To identify malocclusion, crowded or crooked teeth, bite problems, and actively intervene.  Sports safety Protective face equipment worn during any recreational sport that might injure the mouth area. Preventive Dentistry  cont’d

Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.  Restorative Amalgam Composite  Endodontic procedures Pulp capping Pulpotomy  Prosthodontic procedures Stainless steel crowns  Restorative Amalgam Composite  Endodontic procedures Pulp capping Pulpotomy  Prosthodontic procedures Stainless steel crowns Operative Procedures

Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.  Causes of dental injuries to children Automobile accidents Bicycle accidents Sports injuries Child abuse  Causes of dental injuries to children Automobile accidents Bicycle accidents Sports injuries Child abuse Traumatic Injuries

Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Fig Educating school personnel about traumatic injuries.

Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved. Types of Injuries  Fractured anterior teeth  Documentation of the accident includes: Clinical examination Radiographs Vitality testing  Fractured anterior teeth  Documentation of the accident includes: Clinical examination Radiographs Vitality testing

Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.  Traumatic intrusion The tooth is forcibly driven into the alveolus so that only a portion of the crown is visible.  Traumatic intrusion The tooth is forcibly driven into the alveolus so that only a portion of the crown is visible. Types of Injuries  cont’d

Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.  Extrusion and lateral luxation Teeth are actually displaced from their position, causing damage to the periodontal ligaments. Displaced teeth repositioned. Temporary splint placed.  Extrusion and lateral luxation Teeth are actually displaced from their position, causing damage to the periodontal ligaments. Displaced teeth repositioned. Temporary splint placed. Types of Injuries  cont’d

Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.  Avulsed teeth The process of a tooth being torn away, or dislodged completely by force. Recover the tooth immediately. Wrap the tooth in a moistened gauze. Go immediately to the dentist's office.  Avulsed teeth The process of a tooth being torn away, or dislodged completely by force. Recover the tooth immediately. Wrap the tooth in a moistened gauze. Go immediately to the dentist's office. Types of Injuries  cont’d

Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.  Child abuse must be suspected when: Injuries are in various stages of healing. Chipped or injured teeth. Scars inside the lips or on the tongue and tears of the labial frena. Battering or other injuries around the head and neck. Facial bruises, swelling of the facial structures, or black eyes. Bite marks. Injuries not consistent with the explanation presented by the parent.  Child abuse must be suspected when: Injuries are in various stages of healing. Chipped or injured teeth. Scars inside the lips or on the tongue and tears of the labial frena. Battering or other injuries around the head and neck. Facial bruises, swelling of the facial structures, or black eyes. Bite marks. Injuries not consistent with the explanation presented by the parent. Child Abuse

Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.  Required information The name, address, gender, age, height, and weight of the child. The name and address of the adult with custody of the child. A description of the current physical and emotional abuse or neglect of the child. Evidence of previous injuries or negligence. Any information that may assist in establishing the cause of the injuries. Sketches or photographs documenting the nature and location of the injuries.  Required information The name, address, gender, age, height, and weight of the child. The name and address of the adult with custody of the child. A description of the current physical and emotional abuse or neglect of the child. Evidence of previous injuries or negligence. Any information that may assist in establishing the cause of the injuries. Sketches or photographs documenting the nature and location of the injuries. Reporting Child Abuse

Copyright 2003, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.

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