Lecture 8: Second Order Filter and Diodes Jeong Wan Lee 전기회로이론 및 실험.

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Lecture 8: Second Order Filter and Diodes Jeong Wan Lee 전기회로이론 및 실험

Second Order Filters * First order Filter 의 Breakpiont : 1 개 * Second order filters 의 경우 : 2 개의 Breakpoint * 예 ) First order Filter 의 경우의 breakpoint for a first order filter with a capacitor and resistor and for a first order filter with an inductor and resistor. natural response 의 time constant 와 breakpoint 사이에는 연관성이 있다

A Simple Second Order Filter * The simplest design of a second order filter: 두개의 first order filters 를 연결해서 만든다. * 예 ) band pass filter : low pass filter 와 high pass filter 의 결합 bode plot:  1  2 

Adding two first order filters together * 앞장의 bode plot: high pass filter with a breakpoint at  1 + low pass filter with a breakpoint at  2. Degine Procedure: 1) high pass filter 를 설계한다. V in V out1 C1C1 R1R1 breakpoint:

Cont... 2) low pass filter 를 설계한다. V in V out C2C2 R2R2 breakpoint : 참고 ) roll-off of both filters: 20dB/decade.

The final design. V out C2C2 R2R2 V in C1C1 R1R1 * second order filter: 두개의 breakpoints 를 지니고 있다. * Filter Transfer Function i) V 1 의 응답 V1V1

Cont... ii) V out 과 V 1 사이의 관계 : iii) 위의 두 관계를 합하면 : * Magnitude: 20log 10 (i.e. dBs) 를 취하면,

Cont... From logarithmic theory: => response of the complete filter: 각각의 필터의 응답을 더한 것과 같다.

Combining Capacitors and Inductors * Inductor 와 capacitor 를 사용한 band pass filter: high pass + low pass filter. V in L R1R1 V out C R2R2 - The first part: L and R 1 is the low pass part of the filter. - The second part : C and R 2 is the high pass part of the filter.

Cont... Another Design: 한 개의 resistor 만을 사용한 Band Pass Filter: V in L V out C R first breakpoint  1 : upper breakpoint  2 :

An Example * Design example of a band pass filter.  200  30,000  (rads/s) - 만약 R =100  이라면 L 과 C 는 ?

Semiconductors and Diodes Lec 8-1

Silicon * Conductor: - 물질 내부에 자유전자가 있고, - 만약 전기장 ( 전압 ) 이 가해졌을 때, 자유전자가 움직인다. => 자유전자가 많은 물질은 좋은 도체이다. * Semiconductor: - 물질 내부에 적은 양의 자유전자가 있고, - 전기장이 가해졌을 때 도체처럼 항상 전류를 흘리는 것은 아니다. - 예 ) Silicon group IV element 바깥 shell 에 4 개의 자유전자가 있다.

The Silicon Lattice Si * Silicon lattice: - Silicon 원자는 4 개의 다른 Silicon atoms 와 결합되어 있다. ( 안정한 상태 ) - 따라서 물질내에 자유전자가 거의 없다. * 위의 silicon lattice 에 전압이 가해지면, - 원자 사이의 공유 결합이 깨지기 시작하고, - 격자 내에 자유전자가 발생한다.

Free Electrons Si * Free electron: 공유 결합이 깨질 때, 발생하는 자유전자 (- charge 를 갖는다 ) * Hole: 자유전자가 떠난 자리 (+ charge) * Intrinsic concentration of electrons n i At room temperature:

Doping the Silicon Lattice! * Silicon 만으로는 전도체로 사용하지 않는다. * Silicon lattice 에 다른 재료를 도핑해서 자유전자나 hole 의 개수를 더 많게 하여 사용한다. * n-type semiconductor; - 도핑재료로 5 족 원소를 사용한다. ( 예 : As) - 5 족 원소의 자유전자는 5 개 -> 더 많은 자유전자가 생긴다. Si As Si We have created an n-type semiconductor

More Doping * p-type semiconductor; - 도핑재료로 3 족 원소를 사용한다. ( 예 : As) - 5 족 원소의 자유전자는 3 개 -> 더 많은 Hole 생긴다. Si In Si

The pn - Junction * pn-junction 의 구조 p-type materialn-type material Depletion region - p-type material 의 자유전자와 n-type material 의 hole 이 장벽을 만든다. => depletion region 에 전위차가 발생한다.(0.6~0.7V) ( contact voltage or offset potential)

The pn-junction in operation * Reverse Biased Condition Ohmic Contacts p-typen-type VSVS - 이러한 전압의 인가는 depletion region 을 더 넓게 한다. - 작은 전류가 흐른다. ( reverse saturation current I 0 ) This is the REVERSE BIASED CONDITION

Apply the voltage the other way Ohmic Contacts p-typen-type VSVS - 이러한 연결은 depletion region 을 좁게 한다. - 전류를 달 흐르게 한다. * Forward Biased Condition

The Diode Equation * forward biased condition 에서 흐르는 전류 : diffusion current. * Diode equation: where I D : the diode current V D : voltage across the diode. I 0 : reverse saturation current i d : diffusion current k : Boltzman’s constant q : charge on one electron.

What does this all mean? What we have at this stage is an equation that represents the flow of current through the diode as a function of the voltage applied across the diode. This is much more easily understood if we draw this as a graph. We must note that in the forward biased condition, the current increases very rapidly with voltage as we increase the voltage beyond the contact voltage V . VDVD IDID Note that the reverse saturation current is so small it is impossible to show it on this graph!

The diode symbol Current this way - Forward Biased Current this way - Reverse Biased