Sensory Experience Alters Response Strength, Selectivity and Temporal Processing of Auditory Cortex Neurons Mike Kilgard University of Texas at Dallas.

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Presentation transcript:

Sensory Experience Alters Response Strength, Selectivity and Temporal Processing of Auditory Cortex Neurons Mike Kilgard University of Texas at Dallas

Pioneering experiments by Hubel and Wiesel, Merzenich, Weinberger, Greenough, and many others have shown that cortical circuits are highly adaptive. Neural plasticity is likely involved in perceptual learning, development, and recovery from brain injury. Cochlea Cortex Tone Frequency Action Potentials

Time  Frequency  15 Word Speech Stream >10 45 possibilities

Techniques used to study how complex sounds alter cortical processing Behavioral Nucleus Basalis Environmental Training Stimulation Enrichment

Environmental enrichment increases: Brain weight Gene expression Cortical thickness Dendritic branching Acetylcholinesterase levels Oligodendrocyte to neuron ratio Number of synapses per neuron What are the physiological consequences of these anatomical changes?

20±10 vs. 75±20 μV 81±19 vs. 37±20 μV Red Group EnrichedBlue Enriched 22 rats total Journal of Neurophysiology, 2004

Environmental Enrichment Rapid Dramatic Reversible No critical period

Environmental Enrichment State dependent? Other response properties change? Consequences for speech processing? What aspects of enrichment are required? –Exercise –Social –Sensory Cellular mechanisms?

High-density Microelectrode Mapping

Enriched Housing Standard Housing Plasticity in Primary Auditory Cortex

40% increase in response strength –1.4 vs. 1.0 spikes per noise burst (p< ) 10% decrease in frequency bandwidth –2.0 vs. 2.2 octaves at 40dB above threshold (p< 0.05) 3 dB decrease in threshold –17.2 vs. 20 dB (p< 0.001) Enrichment effects persist under general anesthesia n = 16 rats, 820 A1 sites Journal of Neurophysiology, 2004

Time  Frequency  Consequences for speech processing?

200 ms Interstimulus Interval Enrichment Increases Paired Pulse Depression

Response of Neurons at a Single Site to Repeated Tones Group Average

Enriched housing alters temporal processing Decrease in best rate by 1.1 Hz in enriched rats 7.8 vs. 6.7 Hz (p< 0.001)

Environmental Enrichment Rapid Dramatic Reversible No critical period Alters temporal processing Why?

Exercise can cause: A persistent firing pattern in the rat hippocampus, known as theta-rhythm Increased release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and other growth factors Changes in gene regulation Increased cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the adult mouse dentate gyrus No effect on evoked potentials

No effect on evoked potentials Social Interactions can: enhance some forms of learning alter stress hormones improve recovery from brain damage

Auditory Exposure Enriched Auditory Environment

Nucleus Basalis and Plasticity Nucleus basalis neurons are activated by any arousing stimuli. Cholinergic agonists and NB stimulation increase plasticity. Cholinergic antagonists and NB lesions prevent many forms of cortical plasticity. No effect on evoked potentials

Auditory Enrichment Rapid Dramatic Reversible No critical period Alters temporal processing Not dependent on nucleus basalis Not dependent on exercise or social interactions

Time  Frequency 

Enrichment Evoked Potentials - Cherie Percaccio Enrichment A1 Experiments - Navzer Engineer Acknowledgements: For more information visit:

Sash

Spectrotemporal discharge patterns of A1 neurons to ‘sash’ (n= 12 rats, 445 cortical sites) Time (msec) Site Number kHz Spikes per second High Low