© 2011 Maharaj Mukherjee A Comprehensive History of India Lecture – 2 – Diversity Maharaj Mukherjee

© 2011 Maharaj Mukherjee Why do we study History of India - Recapitulation India and USA are both democracies They both have diverse population They both have large natural resources They both are naturally protected

© 2011 Maharaj Mukherjee Diversity in US and India - Recapitulation Unity in Diversity United we Stand Divided we Fall If we do not hang together we will hang separately

© 2011 Maharaj Mukherjee Our world has all kind of people

© 2011 Maharaj Mukherjee India is a very diverse country

© 2011 Maharaj Mukherjee The our first ancestor came from Africa Her Name is Lucy

© 2011 Maharaj Mukherjee People Slowly Migrated from Africa to All over the World About Years Ago the Whole World was Populated with Human

© 2011 Maharaj Mukherjee Why do people migrate? Basic Needs for Survival –Food and Water –Climate and Weather –Population pressure and Competition –Freedom Pursuit of Happiness

© 2011 Maharaj Mukherjee The Early Population of the World were Hunter - Gatherers They are also the first inhabitants of India

© 2011 Maharaj Mukherjee Hunter Gatherer-s years back (There were exceptions) They would hunt animals, fish for food They would collect fruits or roots They also knew some farming They knew how to use fire They had dogs for pets that they used in hunting –May be they also had cats They lived in huts made of branches or woods or in caves They knew how to draw pictures

© 2011 Maharaj Mukherjee Hunter Gatherer-s years back (There were exceptions) They did not know how to bake clay to make pots or bricks –They need to stay close to water They did not have cows, or horses, pigs or chickens –In India some ancient people had horses or horse like animals They did not know how to melt metals to make tools They did not know how to use wheels

© 2011 Maharaj Mukherjee Hunter Gather Life years ago the life of human did not impact nature as much as it does now –There are exceptions

© 2011 Maharaj Mukherjee Something Happened Years Back They learned how to farm for food They learned how to bake clay and make clay pots and bricks –They started building cities They learned how to use animals – bulls and cows for farming They learned how to use copper and mix it with tin to make bronze –They made metal tools and weapons They learned how to use wheels to make carts and pulleys They could dig for water and They could mine minerals for metals

© 2011 Maharaj Mukherjee Where it all Started? The Fertile Crescent Years Ago: The Human Civilization Started in the Fertile Crescent 5000 Years Ago: The Civilization Reached the Western Part of India and the South Eastern Europe

© 2011 Maharaj Mukherjee Social Developments The society could now support all other kind of professions: –Rulers and soldiers –Traders –Thinkers and Educators They developed early form of religion They also developed war and fighting –This also started the first slavery

© 2011 Maharaj Mukherjee World’s First Temple – Gobekli Tepe (in Turkey) years ago The pillars stand for gods who are accompanied by animals

© 2011 Maharaj Mukherjee India 5000 Years Back A spread of Fertile Crescent Spread to the Indus Valley Discovered by – Rakhal Das Banerjee and Daya Ram Sahani

© 2011 Maharaj Mukherjee Map of India Himalayas Bay of Bengal Arabian Sea Indian Ocean Bindhya Western Ghat Eastern Ghat Indus River Ganges River

© 2011 Maharaj Mukherjee Some Artifacts from the Indus Valley

© 2011 Maharaj Mukherjee Some Link from Ancient Religion to Modern Day Religions

© 2011 Maharaj Mukherjee Questions about Early Civilization: Why didn’t it spread east of the Indus river? –Climate –Different seasons –Main crop of fertile crescent was wheat – which did not survive in too much rain –It was difficult to cross glacier fed river like Indus which never dried up. Why didn’t it spread only East-West and not North- South? –Climate and Weather What happened to these early civilizations? –Some of the people remained - some migrated to other parts

© 2011 Maharaj Mukherjee Example Quiz Where did the first human come from? –Africa What kind of people were the first inhabitants of India? –Hunter Gatherers Where did the first human civilization start? –The Fertile Crescent in Turkey/Iraq Where did the first civilization start in India? –The Indus Valley When did the first human civilization start in India? –About 5000 years back Give One Reason why People Migrate –Basic Needs and Pursuit of Happiness