WHAP Exam Review Period B.C.E. to around 600 B.C.E. Chapters 1-6

Key Concepts Big Geography and the Peopling of the Earth The Neolithic Revolution and Early Agricultural Societies The Development and Interactions of Early Agricultural, Pastoral and Urban Societies

The Big Picture Think Themes! See AP syllabus Think GRAPES! Civilization---What is it? What makes a civilization? Change---What causes change? Human Interaction with Environment---Where do they live? Why they move? Defense? How do civilizations interact with others? Technology?

Nomads Foraging societies (hunting –gathering) Concerns were shelter and food Language Fire Tools (stone) Pastoral societies (animal herding) Neolithic Revolution: stay put and farm, villages to cities to civilizations, specialized workers led to class systems, used animals for farming, technology (tools for farming, pottery, weaving, wheels, carts, sails, METALLURGY, etc.)

River Valley Civilizations Water source Fertile soil Transportation

RVCs---Mesopotamia Land between rivers---Tigris and Euphrates Irrigation Sumer---cuneiform, 12-month calendar, base 60 math, polytheistic, ziggurats Sargon of Akkad---first empire Babylon---Hammurabi’s Code Hittites---iron weapons Assyrians---capital at Nineveh Chaldeans---King Nebuchadnezzar rebuilt Babylon Persian Empire---big! Great Royal Road Others nearby: Lydians=coined money; Phoenicians=sailors, purple dye, alphabet; Hebrews=Judaism (monotheistic)

RVCs---Egypt The Nile=predictable floods Old, Middle and New Kingdoms Pharaohs, pyramids, hieroglyphics, trade Polytheistic---afterlife, mummification Women---Queen Hatshepsut, more rights than other lands Social Structure---Pharaoh, priests, nobles, merchants, artisans, peasants, slaves Conquered by Assyrians and Persians What brings empires/civilizations down?

RVCs---Indus Indus River More isolated due to mountains, still invaded Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro---major cities Planned cities, plumbing, potter’s wheel Abandoned??? Aryans: nomadic tribe, horses, reincarnation, polytheistic, Vedas and Upanishads, caste system, later becomes Hinduism

RVCs---China Yellow (Huang He, Hwang Ho) and Yangtze Shang Dynasty: defensive walls, chariots, isolated, believed they were center of the world, ethnocentric, bronze, pottery, silk, decimal system – Patriarchal, veneration of ancestors Zhou Dynasty: long dynasty, Mandate of Heaven, dynastic cycle, feudalism, led to period of warring states

RVCs---Bantu??? Africa on Niger River “Stateless society” MIGRATED!!! South and east away from Sahara, due to climate changes Spread language group (Bantu) Why do people migrate?

Early MesoAmerica/Andean S. America Olmec: 1200 to 1400 B.C.E., urban society, corn, beans, squash, irrigation, large-scale buildings, polytheistic, writing and calendar Chavin: B.C.E., polytheistic, near coast so had seafood too, metals in tools and weapons, llamas They are in an entirely different part of the world with no contact of the other civilizations. So??? Not in River Valleys! So???

Major Belief Systems Polytheism Judaism=Monotheism

Technology Farming tools-ploughs, hoes, rakes, wheel Irrigation-dikes, canals, plumbing, sewage systems Metallurgy-copper, bronze, iron Pottery Wheeled chariots Architecture-pyramids, ziggurats, temples Crafts, jewelry Record keeping-writing, calendars, math

Role of Women Women lose power when people settle, no equal share of work Societies become patriarchal

Big Picture Civilizations---Key Traits Civilizations---Fall Change---trade, conquest, spread of belief systems, technology (innovation vs. adaption) Human Interaction with Geography---how did they change their surroundings to meet their needs, human need to control/explain nature, in religion too (protection to internal peace)