Rock Deformation-Structural Geology

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Presentation transcript:

Rock Deformation-Structural Geology

3 Types of Differential Stress:

Structural Geology - the study of rock deformation. Features of rock deformation are collectively referred to as structure or structural features. Stress and strain - terms used to describe the type of rock deformation

Stress: force applied to a body/unit area 2 Types: 1. Uniform or confining stress - force on a body that is equal in all directions. Does not usually deform a rock (change shape) but may result in a change in size or metamorphism. 2. Differential stress - stress that is not equal in all directions and is caused by tectonic forces. Usually causes a change in shape, but not in size.

3 Types of Differential Stress: 1. Tension - a stretching stress. Rocks have very little strength under tensional stress and break apart easily. 2. Compression - a squeezing stress. Rocks are relatively strong under compression. 3. Shear - stress operates in opposite directions across the body

Strain: Deformation or change of shape a rock body experiences when under differential stress.

3 Types of Strain 1. Elastic strain /deformation - recoverable strain. 2. Plastic strain/ ductile deformation - permanent strain. When stress exceeds the strength of the rock the rock will bend or fold 3. Brittle strain/deformation - permanent strain. When stress exceeds the strength of the rock the rock will break or fracture

Elastic strain /deformation = recoverable strain. When stress is removed, object regains original shape. (Ex: rubber band). elastic limit - limiting stress beyond which the rock can not return to its original shape and will be permanently deformed. Depends on type of rock involved and temperature.

Plastic strain/ ductile deformation = permanent strain. When rock is stressed beyond elastic limit and when stress is removed, object remains deformed by bending.

Brittle strain/deformation - permanent strain. When stress exceeds the strength of the rock the rock will break or fracture (Ex: Chalk).

Factors that influence the type of permanent strain in rocks experiencing the same amount of stress: Pressure/Temperature Confining stress Time and strain rate Composition - important in 2 ways: Mineral composition Amount of water (fluid) in rock

Sibson, 1977