September 4, EEOS 350 – Quantitative Hydrogeology n Syllabus  an (optimistic) approximation of what we will cover. n Text: Fundamentals of Ground Water, Schwartz and Zhang, itle/productCd html itle/productCd html itle/productCd html n ERRATA!! Need to go through and highlight the errors in your text!

September 4, EEOS 350 – Quantitative Hydrogeology n Field trip at Nantucket Field site –Water level map –Slug tests –Install transducers –Run pumping test

September 4, Water Facts n Requirements: –A person requires 3 liters/day (3.2 qts/day) of water for drinking (minimum survival requirement) –50 liters/day (13.2 gal/day) for drinking, sanitation and hygiene. –1300 m 3 /yr (940 gal/day) when food production is included. n Uses: –Average US citizen uses 80 to 100 gal/day. During medieval times, a person only used 5 gal/day (didn’t shower much, I guess). –A single flush of a toilet requires 2-7 gal (same as King Arthur used in a whole day!) –2 gal to brush teeth, gal for shower –It takes 1 gal of water to process a quarter pound of hamburger. –It takes 2072 gal to make 4 tires.

September 4, How much water stored (in %)? n Oceans96.5 n Ice caps/glaciers/snow 1.74 n Groundwater 1.7 –Fresh(0.76%) –Saline (0.94%) n Freshwater lakes n Inland seas/salt lakes n Soil moisture n Atmosphere n All Rivers n Biological water

September 4, The Hydrologic Cycle Source: SWRA/research.html Fluxes (flows) Stocks (storage)

September 4, Components of the water cycle Fluxes (flows) –Units = volume/time or depth/time(in/yr, mm/hr) –These are the “renewable” components n Precipitation n Evaporation n Transpiration n Infiltration n Recharge n Runoff n Streamflow n Groundwater flow Storage (stocks) –Units = Volume (ft 3, m 3 ) –These are the components that are emptied or filled by the fluxes n Soil moisture storage (unsaturated zone) n Surface storage (lakes, ponds, puddles) n Atmospheric storage (water vapor) n Aquifer storage (saturated zone)

September 4, Source: Jackson et al, 2001

September 4, n Global renewable water resources ~ 40,000 billion cubic meters (BCM) n Accessible in both space & time ~ 20,000 BCM n Minimum human freshwater requirements = 1,300 m 3 /yr per person ~ 7,800 BCM n Human requirements ~ 39% of total supply and yet…

September 4, …in the year 2000: –1 billion people lacked access to improved drinking water »2 out of 5 Africans –2.4 billion lacked access to improved sanitation »fewer than half of all Asians Source: Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000 Report, WHO

September 4, …because freshwater is not evenly distributed.

September 4, What makes water so unique? n Water is the only substance found in all three states (phases) at ambient temperatures. –Water has unusually high melting and boiling points.

September 4, What makes water so unique? Water expands when both heated or cooled from 4 °C. Water expands when both heated or cooled from 4 °C. –This makes fish VERY happy, but sometimes not water fowl!

September 4, What makes water so unique? n Water is a “universal solvent”. –High dielectric constant because of it’s polar structure –Strong hydrogen bonds

September 4, What makes water so unique? n Water has a: –Extremely low compressibility (water is considered essentially incompressible). –high thermal conductivity (that’s why we get cold even when the pool is heated) –Low electrical conductivity –High viscosity (relative to other liquids) –High surface tension (making water skippers happy, too!). Surfactants reduce surface tension.

September 4, Physical properties of water Density,  : Density,  : –1,000 kg/m 3 at 4 °C –1.94 slugs/ft 3 at 40°F n Specific weight: n Specific gravity:

September 4, Hydrologic Cycle n Water Balance Inflow - Outflow = change in storage *assumes conservation of mass  mass (in this case, water) is neither created nor destroyed within the control volume)

September 4, Water balance n For a water balance (or any mass balance), you need: –Control volume  the boundaries of your analysis –Water balance terms  inputs and outputs across the CV, storage within CV –Time step  time frame over which your water balance terms are estimated.

September 4, Control Volume n For mass (or water) balance analysis, need to establish the size (scale) of the problem. n For a surface water balance, the control volume is the watershed. (Control volume is much harder to establish in groundwater balance). n What is a watershed?

September 4,

September 4, Delineating a watershed boundary n Pick a point of interest on the stream n Start on right or left bank, draw a line away from that point, always maintaining the line perpendicular to contours n continue line until it is going opposite of starting direction (in general). n WS boundaries tend to follow ridge lines. n Always ask “If I was a drop of water, which way would I fall” n A WATERSHED BOUNDARY NEVER CROSSES A STREAM CHANNEL. n Start on opposite bank and do the same for other side of watershed.