 When light strikes the surface of an object  Some light is reflected  The rest is absorbed (and transferred into thermal energy)  Shiny objects, such as silvered mirror can reflect over 95% of the incoming light.

 “The angle of incidence will be equal to the angle of reflection”  Angle of incidence: angle an incident ray makes with the normal to the surface.  Denoted by θ i  Angle of reflection: angle reflected ray makes with the normal.  Denoted by θ r

 Virtual Image: If a film or paper were placed in the location of the image, rays would not actually pass through this location.  Real Image: light does pass through the location of the image. If a film were placed at the image position, light would be put onto the film.

 All images from a plane mirror are virtual.  We used curved mirrors and lenses so that real images can be formed and images can be placed on film.

 Mirrors that are formed from a section of a sphere.  Convex: The reflection takes place on the outer surface of the spherical shape  Concave: The flection surface is on the inner surface of the sphere.

 If objects are infinitely far away from a mirror (The sun, the stars, etc), the rays would be precisely parallel.  The law of reflection holds for each of the parallel rays, but they will not all reflect to be brought to a single point.  This causes an unfocused image.

 We will assume that the mirror is small in comparison to its radius of curvature.  This way, only a small angle is made upon reflection.  This will cause the light to reflect at nearly in the same point, called a focus.

 Principle axis: The straight line perpendicular to the curved surface at its center.  Focal point: The point where rays parallel to the principle axis come to a focus.  Image location of an object infinitely far away.  Focal length: the distance from the focal point to the mirror.  Radius of curvature: the center of the sphere the mirror is made from

 Ray 1: drawn parallel to the principle axis, and then passes through the focal point after reflection.

 Ray 2: drawn through F; therefore must reflect parallel to the principle axis.

 Ray 3: Perpendicular to the mirror, passes through the radius of curvature.

 Ray 1 goes from object parallel to the axis and reflects through the focal point.  Ray 2 goes from object through focal point and reflects parallel to the axis.  Ray 3 goes from object, perpendicular to the mirror, reflects back on itself through the center of curvature.

 We could always use ray diagrams, but accuracy is difficult.  Mirror equation S represents distance of image and object. f represents the focal length.

 Magnification is the image height divided by the object height.  Sign conventions  Positive image height means upright, negative is inverted relative to the object.  Positive distance is in front of the mirror, and negative is behind the mirror.

 A 1.50 cm high diamond ring is placed 20 cm from a concave mirror whose radius of curvature is 30 cm. Determine the position and size of the image.

 A 1.00 cm high object is placed 10 cm from a concave mirror whose radius of curvature is 30 cm. A) Draw a ray diagram to locate (approximately) the position of the image. B) determine the position of the image and the magnification analytically.

 A 4 cm high object is placed 3 cm in front of a convex mirror with a radius of curvature of 8 cm. Create a ray diagram to find the approximate location of the image. Analytically determine the position and magnification of the image.

 A convex rearview car mirror has a radius of curvature of 40 cm. Determine the location of the image and its magnification for an object 10.0m from the mirror.

 The speed of light in a vacuum is 3.0x10 8 m/s  In other mediums, the speed of light is less.  We call the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in another medium the index of refraction

 Can a material’s index of refraction ever be less than 1?  Some indices of refraction that are useful: Air – Water – 1.33 Crown glass – 1.52 Lucite (Plexiglass) – 1.51 Diamond – 2.42

 When light hits the boundary of two mediums, some of the light is reflected and some passes into the new medium.  Since the ray of light will be traveling at a different speed, its path is bent.  This is called refraction.

 As light passes from a medium with a low index of refraction to one with a higher index, the light ray will be refracted towards the normal.

 As light travels from a medium with a higher index of refraction to one with a smaller index, the light is refracted away from the normal.

 Remember, angle of incidence and now angle of refraction, are both measured from the normal

 As light passes from one material to another where the index of refraction is less (water into air for example), the light bends away from the normal.  At a particular incident angle, the angle of refraction will be 90 degrees.  This is called the critical angle.

 The incident light is at such an angle that all of the light is reflected.  This will only occur if n1 > n2  Many technological usages of total internal reflection:  Binoculars  Fiber optics  endoscopes

 A lens is made up of two faces that are usually portions of a sphere.  The two faces can be either concave or convex.  We only use thin lenses in this class which means that the diameter of the lens is small compared to the radii of curvature of the two lens surfaces.

 Focal point: The point in which an object at an infinite distance from the lens is focused.  Focal length: the distance of the focal point to the center of the lens.  Note that a lens has two faces and therefore two focal points.

 Converging lens: a lens that is thicker in the center than at the edges makes parallel rays converge to a point.  Diverging lens: a lens that is thinner in the center than at the edges makes parallel rays diverge.  The focal point is defined as the point from which refracted rays seem to have emerged from as a single point.

 Ray 1: parallel to the axis and then refracted through the focal point on the opposite side.

 Ray 2: Passes through the F’ on the same side of the lens as the object and then goes parallel to the axis beyond the lens.

 Ray 3: directed towards the very center of the lens, and emerges the same angle as it entered.

 Ray 1: leaves the top of the object going parallel to the axis and then refracts through the focal point.  Ray 2: passes through F’ and leaves the lens parallel to the axis.  Ray 3: goes straight from the object through the center of the lens and back out the same angle.

 Notice, that in the case of a lens, the light of the image, on the opposite side of the lens, is able to be detected by film.  Opposite than a mirror, a real image is on the opposite side of the lens.  A virtual image is on the same side of the lens.

 Luckily it is the same as the mirror equations

 The focal length is positive for converging lenses and negative for diverging lenses.  The object distance is positive if it is on the side of the lens from which the light is coming (this is usually the case, although when lenses are used in combination, it might not be so); otherwise, it is negative

 The image distance is positive if it is on the opposite side of the lens from where the light is coming; if it is on the same side, then it is negative. If the image distance is positive, then the image is real.  The height of the image is positive it if it is upright.

 What is the position and the size of the image of a large 7.6 cm high flower placed 1.0 m from a +50 mm focal length camera lens?

 An object is placed 10 cm from a 15 cm focal length converging lens. Determine the image position and size analytically and using a ray diagram.

 Where must a small insect be placed if a 25 cm focal length diverging lens is to form a virtual image 20 cm in front of the lens?

 Two converging lenses, with focal lengths of 20 cm and 25 cm are placed 80 cm apart. An object is placed 60 cm in front of the first lens. Determine the position and magnification of the final image formed by the combination of the two lenses.