Science Observe the world

Identify and state the Problem Research State the Hypothesis Design the Procedure Make an observation and Record Data Organize and analyze data State a Conclusion The Scientific Method 1.2

The Problem must be about something that you can measure, preferably with a number The scientific method starts when you ask a question about something that you observe: How, What, When, Who, Which, Why, or Where?

Do Background Research: Rather than starting from scratch in putting together a plan for answering your question, you want to be a savvy scientist using library and Internet research to help you find the best way to do things and insure that you don't repeat mistakes from the past. Research generates the hypothesis

Construct a Hypothesis : A hypothesis is an educated guess about how things work: "If _____[I do this] _____, then _____[this]_____ will happen." You must state your hypothesis in a way that you can easily measure, and of course, your hypothesis should be constructed in a way to help you answer your original question.

Procedure step by step instructions of the experiment Test the hypothesis Don’t use I, we, they etc….

Record Data Once your experiment is complete, you collect your measurements and review your data. data : tables, graphs, charts Analyze Your Data Decide if the data is reliable

State a Conclusion: summarize the experiment and state if your hypothesis is true or false. Accept or reject the hypothesis Explain the data to support the hypothesis. Replicate the work

Designing an Experiment Control group – standard for comparison Independent variable –factor being tested, changed, manipulated by the experimenter, in a graph it’s on the x axis Control variable –what is kept the same, standard,improves reliability Dependent variable –what is measured,observed,when the independent variable changes,on y axis

For instance: if you were measuring the growth rate of plants under full sunlight for 8 hours a day versus plants that only have 4 hours of full sunlight per day, the amount of time per day of full sunlight would be the independent variable - the variable that you control. The growth rate of the plants would be a dependent variable. dependent variables depend upon the independent variable. The growth of the plant depends on the amount of sunlight

Designing an Experiment The mice experiment … Problem I have a bad memory but that’s not a scientific problem. How do we boost memory ? What’ s next ?

Research An experiment showed an enzyme in mice called PP1 erases memory Used 30 aged mice What’s next ?

State the hypothesis If the PP1 enzyme is inhibited ( slowed by a drug) then memory will improve

Procedure 15 mice are given a drug that inhibits the enzyme that erases memory Mice are timed in a maze over 12 weeks to see if they have an improvement in memory What are the variables ? Control,independent,dependent

Control group – group with no drug to inhibit enzyme Give them a

Independent variable Ask what is being changed ? use a drug to inhibit the enzyme that erases memory over a certain number of days o Dependent variable Ask what is being measured ? Measuring the speed of the mouse in a maze to show memory improvement

Conclusion Aged mice did improve their memory when PP1 was inhibited Summarize results Accept the hypothesis in a statement The hypothesis … is accepted to be true

other terms Law – theory tested to be true, explains things (but doesn’t explain why) ex Newton’s law Back when Newton declared his laws, he believed them to be absolute descriptions of how the universe worked. At the time, they were irrefutable. We now know that his laws are in fact approximations (rules that work when describing motion on the macroscopic scale but which break at the quantum scale) Since that time, science has gotten warier about describing anything as being absolute.

Theory - science has tossed the use of "law" in favor of "theory". This "theory" does not mean "hypothesis" which is a speculation. In this case, think of music theory - definitely not a hypothesis widely accepted most probable explanation hypothesis tested and confirmed Supported by a large body of evidence Ex- cell theory

Fact – a truth by actual experience or observation, something known to be true

It’s a live Characteristics of Living things It’s difficult to define life. A living thing is called an _________________. There are seven characteristics of life….

23 Are any of these alive?

24 Do they exhibit characteristics of life?

There are seven characteristics of life…. cell phone A growing plant Repo man Rap station Closet organizer Sun pond with an Iron ( still looking )

Characteristic of Life I. Cells- all living things are composed of cells A. Cell number 1. unicellular - one 2. multicellular- many B. Cell type 1. prokaryotic 2. eukaryotic

Prokaryotic – simple cell, first cell, no nucleus or organelles with membranes

Eukaryotic cell – has a nucleus and many organelles w/o membranes This is your body’s cell

II. Organization – how molecules are arranged in an organism 

III. Energy use – nutrition, how it is used converted or stored autotrophs – source of energy is the sun and inorganic, makes it’s own food as heterotrophs- source of energy is organics (food)

IV. Response to the environment – react and behave to stimulus. Also reach Homeostasis maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological processes. Migrate, fight or flight

V. Growth cell division –parent cell makes new cell often called a daughter cell cell enlargement – size increases slowly

VI. Reproduction – for survival of it’s species

Sexual reproduction- processes that pass a combination of genetic material to offspring, resulting in increased genetic diversity. Asexual reproduction -formation of new individuals from the cell of a single parent. A as a prefix means negate ( not valid)

VII. Adaptation – genetic traits that give an organism an advantage Survival of the fittest