GIT OSPE REVISION

In which abdominal regions the liver lies? (2marks) A 52-year-old man has been unwell for 2 years, he always feels tired. Abdominal examination showed splenomegaly, shifting dullness, ascitis, caput medusa and increased abdominal girth. Investigations revealed chronic liver cell failure. In which abdominal regions the liver lies? (2marks) ---------------------------------------------- 2. Enumerate the contents of the porta hepatis in order, (from anterior to posterior) (2marks) ------------------------------------------- 3. From where the liver receives its blood supply? (4 marks) ----------------------------------------------- 4. Where the hepatic veins terminate? (2marks) -------------------------------

In which abdominal regions the liver lies? (2marks) A 52-year-old man has been unwell, he always feels tired. The doctor noticed that he is jaundiced. Abdominal examination showed splenomegaly, ascitis, caput medusa and increased abdominal girth. Investigations revealed chronic liver cell failure. In which abdominal regions the liver lies? (2marks) Right & left hypochondrium and epigastrium Enumerate the contents of the porta hepatis in order (from anterior to posterior) ? (2marks) From anterior to posterior 2 hepatic ducts, 2 hepatic artery &2 branches of portal vein. From where the liver receives its blood supply? (4 marks) Hepatic artery (30%) portal vein (70%) Where the hepatic veins terminate? (2marks) In the Inferior vena cava.

During cholecystectomy a resident damage the cystic artery before clamp is probably placed. The assistant surgeon applied pressure on the free margin of the lesser omentum, to stop bleeding. Which artery runs in the free margin of the lesser omentum? (2marks) ----------------------------------------------. From which artery the cystic artery usually arises? (2 marks) ------------------------------------------------. What are the other structures that runs in the free margin of the lesser omentum? (4 marks) --------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------- Enumerate 2 structures that run in the lesser omentum along the lesser curvature of the stomach. 1---------------------------------------------------- 2------------------------------------------

During cholecystectomy a resident damage the cystic artery before clamp is probably placed. The assistant surgeon applied pressure on the free margin of the lesser omentum, to stop bleeding. Which artery runs in the free margin of the lesser omentum? (2 marks) Hepatic artery From which artery, the cystic artery usually arises? (2 marks) Right hepatic artery. What are the other structures that runs in the free margin of the lesser omentum? (4 marks) Bile duct Portal vein. Enumerate 2 other structures that run in the lesser omentum along the lesser curvature of the stomach. (2marks) 1. Right gastric vessels. 2. Left gastric vessels.

A 48-year- old man has lost 10 kilos over the last 3 months and present with upper abdominal pain that radiate to the back between the 2 scapulae. During examination the doctor noticed that this man is jaundiced. CT scan reveals tumor of the head of the pancreas. From where the arterial supply of the body of the pancreas comes from? (3marks) --------------------------------------------------- Where the main pancreatic duct opens? (2 marks) ------------------------------------------------------ List the arterial supply of the duodenum. ( 2marks) 1----------------------------------------------- 2----------------------------------------------- From where the arteries supplying the duodenum originate? ( 3marks) 1------------------------------------- 2--------------------------------

A 48-year- old man has lost 10 kilos over the last 3months and present with upper abdominal pain that radiate to the back between the scapulae. During examination the doctor notice jaundice. CT scan reveals tumor of the head of the pancreas. From where the arterial supply of the body of the pancreas comes from? (3 marks) (3marks) - Splenic artery. Where the main pancreatic duct opens? (3 marks) Major duodenal papilla in 2nd part of duodenum. From where the arteries supplying the duodenum originate? ( 4marks) 1-Superior pancreaticoduodenal artery from gastroduodenal of hepatic of celiac artery. 2- Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery from superior mesenteric artery

A 52-year-old woman undergoes an open abdominal cholecystectomy A 52-year-old woman undergoes an open abdominal cholecystectomy. During surgery her doctor inserts his index into the epiploic foramen.. Enumerate the 4 boundaries of the epiploic foramen? (2.5 marks each) 1.------------------------------ 2.-------------------------- 3.------------------------------ 4--------------------------------

A 52-year-old woman undergoes an open abdominal cholecystectomy A 52-year-old woman undergoes an open abdominal cholecystectomy. During surgery her doctor inserts his index into the epiploic foramen.. Enumerate the 4 boundaries of the epiploic foramen? (2.5 marks each) 1.Superior: caudate process of caudate lobe of liver. 2.Inferior: 1st part of duodenum. 3.Anterior: free margin of lesser omentum. 4. Posterior: Peritoneum covering the IVC.

During splenectomy the surgeon ligates the splenic artery at the hilum During splenectomy the surgeon ligates the splenic artery at the hilum. Improper placement of he ligature may lead to damage of which part of the stomach? --------------------------(3marks) Which ligament the surgeon carefully dissects to ligate the splenic vessels? ---------------------------(3marks) Which part of the pancreas is endanger is such operation? -------------------------(4 marks)

During splenectomy the surgeon ligates the splenic artery at the hilum of the spleen. Improper placement of he ligature may lead to damage of which part of the stomach? (3marks) Fundus or left part of greater curvature of the stomach. Which ligament the surgeon carefully dissects to ligate the splenic vessels? (3marks) Lienorenal ligament Which part of the pancreas is endanger is such operation? Tail of the pancreas. (4 marks)

1 IDENTIFY:--(1mark each) 1------------- 2---------------- 3--------------------- 4------------------------ 5-------------------------- 6--------------------------- 7----------------------------- What is the level of the beginning of the rectum? -----(3marks) 1 7 6 3 4 5

1 IDENTIFY:--(1mark each) 1. Transverse colon. 2 IDENTIFY:--(1mark each) 1. Transverse colon. 2-Left (splenic) flexure. 3-Descending colon. 4-Sigmoid or pelvic colon. 5-Appendix. 6-Ascending colon. 7-Right (hepatic) flexure. What is the level of the beginning of the rectum? S3 (infront of 3rd sacral vertebra). -----(3marks) 1 7 6 3 4 5

A 55-year- old woman develops a hiatal hernia in which the fundus of the stomach protrudes through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm into the thorax. What is the level of the esophageal opening of the diaphragm? (5 marks). ----------------------------------- What structure is at great risk of injury during surgical repair? (2 marks). ------------------------- Enumerate 2 other structure that pass through the esophageal opening of the diaphragm? (1.5 marks each). -----------------------------------. ------------------------------------------.

A 55-year- old woman develops a hiatal hernia in which the fundus of the stomach protrudes through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm into the thorax. What is the level of the esophageal opening of the diaphragm? (5 marks). -Thoracic 10. What structure is at great risk of injury during surgical repair in this case? (2 marks). Vagus nerve. Enumerate 2 other structure that pass through the esophageal opening of the diaphragm? (1.5 marks each). Branches of left gastric vessels. lymph vessels.

A 12-year- old boy is brought to ER with a fever, nausea, and abdominal pain. Investigation revealed leukocytosis. The case is diagnosed as an acute appendicitis. What is the most common site of the appendix? (2marks) -------------------------------------------- List other 4 sites for presence of the appendix. (1 mark each). 1--------------------------- 2---------------------------- 3------------------------------- 4----------------------------- What artery will need to be ligated during the operation? (2marks) From where this artery arises? (2marks) --------------------------------------------------

A 12-year- old boy is brought to ER with a fever, nausea, and abdominal pain. Investigation revealed leukocytosis. The case is diagnosed an acute appendicitis. What is the most common site of the appendix? (2marks) Retrocecal. List other 4 sites for presence of the appendix. (1 mark each). 1- Subcecal. 2-Pelvic. 3-Preilial. 4-Postileal. What artery will need to be ligated during appenicectomy operation? (2marks) Appendicular artery. From where this artery arises? (2marks) Ileocolic of Superior mesenteric artery.

A 46-year- old male brought to ER with hematemesis A 46-year- old male brought to ER with hematemesis. Investigation revealed liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension. How the portal vein is formed? (2marks) ------------------------------------------------- What structure lies infront of the beginning of the portal vein? (2marks) ----------------------------------------------------- What structure lies behind the beginning of the portal vein? (2marks) -------------------------------------------------------- What is the cause of bleeding in this case? (2marks) List 2 other site of portosystemic anastomosis. (2marks) 1-------------------------------------------- 2-----------------------------------------------

A 46-year- old male brought to ER with hematemesis A 46-year- old male brought to ER with hematemesis. Investigation revealed liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension. How the portal vein is formed? (2marks) Union of superior mesenteric and splenic veins What structure lies infront of the beginning of the portal vein? (2marks) Neck of the pancreas. What structure lies behind the beginning of the portal vein? (2marks) Inferior vena cava. What is the cause of bleeding in this case? (2marks) Esophageal varices. List 2 other site of portosystemic anastomosis. (2marks) 1-Lower part of anal canal. 2-Anterior abdominal wall.

Identify the structures related to the labeled impressions: (2 marks each). 1-------------------------- 2----------------------- 3---------------------- 4-------------------------- 5------------------------------ 5 1 4 2 3

Identify the structures related to the labeled impressions: (2 marks each). 1-Gastric (stomach). 2. Transverse colon. 3. Right colic flexure. 4. Renal (right kidney). 5. Esophageal . 5 1 4 2 3

A 58-year- old woman with a history of hyperlipidemia came to the ER with sever abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. After radiological imaging she is diagnosed with advanced atherosclerotic plaque and narrowing of the main blood vessel supplying the embryological midgut and its derivatives. What blood vessel is most likely affected? (5 marks). ------------------------------------------------ Enumerate only 2 of its branches? (2.5 marks each). ----------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------

What blood vessel is most likely affected? (5 marks). A 58-year- old woman with a history of hyperlipidemia came to the ER with sever abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. After radiological imaging she is diagnosed with advanced atherosclerotic plaque narrowing the main blood vessel supplying the embryological midgut and its derivatives. What blood vessel is most likely affected? (5 marks). Superior mesenteric artery. Enumerate only 2 of its branches? (2.5 marks each). 1. Right colic. 2. Middle colic. 3. Iliocolic. 4. Inferior pancreaticoduodenal. 5. Jujenal and ilial branches.

Q 1 A 57 -year-old male brought to the ER where he diagnosed with perforated duodenal ulcer in the posterior wall of the first part of the duodenum. Which artery lies behind the ulcer in his case? (4 marks). ----------------------------------------------- Enumerates 2 different organs supplied by this artery? (2 marks each). ------------------------ -------------------------- ------------------------------

Answer 1 A 57 -year-old male brought to the ER where he diagnosed with perforated duodenal ulcer in the posterior wall of the first part of the duodenum. Which artery lies behind the ulcer in his case? Gastroduodenal artery. Enumerates 3 different organs supplied by this artery? Stomach Duodenum. Pancreas

3 IDENTIFY: 1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 1 5 2 4

IDENTIFY: Answer 3 1- Stomach. 2- Sigmoid colon. 3- Gall bladder. 4- Root of the mesentery. 5- Teniae coli 1 4 5 2

Q 2 1 IDENTIFY: 1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 5 2 3 4

Answer 2 IDENTIFY: (2 marks each). 1 1- Accessory pancreatic duct. 2-Minor duodenal papilla. 3-Major duodenal papilla. 4-Bile duct. 5- Main pancreatic duct. 1 5 2 3 4

IDENTIFY: (2marks ach) 1- 2- 3- 4- 5- HORIZONTAL SECTION IN THE ABDOMEN LOOKING FROM BELOW 5 4 IDENTIFY: (2marks ach) 1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 1 3 2

3-opening into lesser sac (epiploic foramen). HORIZONTAL SECTION IN THE ABDOMEN LOOKING FROM BELOW 5 4 IDENTIFY: (2marks ach) 1- Stomach 2- Spleen 3-opening into lesser sac (epiploic foramen). 4-Bile duct 5- hepatic artery. 1 3 2