Chapters 14 and 15 Nasim Kamali and Marina Baez

●Mongols ○Genghis Khan ■Key to success - archery on horseback > foot soldiers ■organized ●tumens (units of soldiers) ●messenger force ●special force (elaborate maps) ○Kublai Khan ■Islamic Heartlands ■ China ●Yuan Dynasty ●Religiously tolerant ●Distinct cultures ●Mongol women = more freedom Mongol Conquest

●Song loyalists revolt o stirring hostility towards foreigners o encouraged by scholar gentry ●“invulnerability” gone o military status tarnished by failure in Japan ●Expeditions to Java and Vietnam failed ●Banditry increases o unsafe for people ●Famine ●Corruption o laziness of ruling class (near end of dynasty)  stealing, cheating, lying o angry overtaxed peasantry Decline

●Islamic world declining - Mongols & Abbasids (1258) o economic decline as landlords take power  peasants became serfs  agriculture and tax revenues drop ●Mongols decline/Ming- encouraged expansion of sea trade o opportunities for Chinese and West ●Chinese expeditions - Zheng He o Ming rulers withdrew (1433) o make way for European expansion into Asia Decline of World Powers

●In a disarray o Medieval culture decline  Church  Philosophy  Warrior aristocrats  Famine (1300) - pop.  Black Death ●Turmoil causes strikes *strife of Western problems leads to motivation of exploration After distress comes success… ●Strong monarchies in France and England - reliance on nobility to paid soldiers ●Spain and Portugal pushed out Muslims ●Economy grows o Church and capitalism ●Technology o timekeeping and iron ●Asian technology ●Renaissance Rise of the West