3.1.1 – Range of activities and the roles of the active participant. Learning objectives To understand the 6 different categories of physical activity To understand the different roles available in physical activity. To be able to describe the participation pyramid and its meaning. To describe individual differences in performance. To understand body somatotyping and its relevance to sporting activities. To understand the physical and mental demands of exercise.

Range of activities Having a good knowledge and understanding of the different physical activities an individual could do enables you to: Make informed choices about your involvement Make decisions about what sports best suit you Understand the roles you can play within physical activity.

Range of activities For physical activity to benefit the performer it must be: Appropriate Safe Enjoyable This will benefit the well being of a person physically, mentally and socially.

Range of activities – 1 minute paired task Widen your experiences Develop group and people skills What are the benefits of taking part in a range of physical activities? Allows you succeed at something you are good at. Train you body in various ways Teaches discipline Experience different pressures

Benefits from different activities – Discuss The benefits of different activities. What does each of the following involves and what would a performer gain from being involved in them? 1. Games activities? 2. Gymnastics activities? 3. Dance activities? 4. Health and Fitness activities? 5. Outdoor adventurous activities? 6. Athletics activities?

Benefits from different activities 1. Games activities: Develops the skills of outwitting an opponent in a competitive situation. Invasion of opponents area is the aim of the game. Involves teamwork and success is measured by score line. 2. Gymnastics activities: These activities requires the accurate replication of skills and movements. This is usually demonstrated through a routine which is practiced and rehearsed.

Benefits from different activities 3. Dance activities: This involves communication and exploration of concepts. Success is measured by choreography, originality and ability to communicate emotions. 4. Health and fitness activities: These activities require skills and techniques to improve health and well being of an individual. Success is measured by feelings or bodily shape improvements.

Benefits from different activities 5. Outdoor adventurous activities: These activities require skills of cooperation and communication amongst a small team. Problem solving and overcoming group challenges are typical to this type of activity. 6. Athletics activities: These activities require a performer to replicate skills at maximum speed and try to overcome time, height or distance. Success is measured by time or distance and can be a personal best or a competition record.

The roles of an active participant. There are many opportunities to become involved in sport and a number of different roles. These include: Player/Performer Organiser Sports leader/Coach Choreographer Official

Player/Performer: School lesson provide teaching of the fundamental skills involved in sport. Clubs can provide training and is a avenue for competitions and tournaments. Regional and local representation status can be achieved through clubs. Finally elite level sports people can go on to be selected for international duty. TASK: Research a sports governing body and how to progress to elite level.

Participation Pyramid TASK: Draw this participation pyramid. Think about what it represents. EXCELLENCE PERFORMANCE PARTICIPATION FOUNDATION

The participation pyramid shows the structure of progression in sport Foundation: Students taking part at school Participation: People taking part in their own time or as part of extra curricular sport. Performance: People competing at local and regional competitions. They receive specific training at a club. Elite: Top-class sport and individuals compete at international level.

Organiser: An organiser will oversee an event from start to finish. They are responsible for everything from the timings of the event to equipment and spectator provisions. i.e. The British Olympic Committee are currently planning the London 2012 Olympics TASK: Research the BOC and investigate the planning that has gone into the 2012 Olympics.

Coach: A sport leader or coach works with groups of people to improve overall performance. Sports Coach UK is a responsible for the education and development of new coaches. Each sports governing body will outline a coaching framework for potential coaches. TASK: Research the different sports leaders awards and the aims. (www.sportsleaders.org) What does better coaching mean for performers? High level of coaching and expertise from grass roots to elite level sport

Choreographer: A choreographer designs and arranges a staged dance or performance. i.e. The ballet. Experience through school and dance groups can help to build up skills.

Official: An official is someone who controls the activity and interprets the game rules. Training for the position of an official can start as young as 16. There are national qualifications in a range of different sports. TASK: What would you have to do to become a football referee? (Courses etc..)

Individual Differences Individual differences are factors that influence their performance and level of participation. This include age, disability, gender, physique, risks, activity levels, training and the environment. Age: Age can put limits on what sport an individual may take up. Depending on the size of the club they may have a team at each age group. e.g. Under 13’s Netball team. OR International gymnastics competitions can only be entered by performer over the age of 16.

Age The ageing process can take effect an individuals ability to perform certain movements. Balancing competition out ensures fairness and safety. Many older people see the need to stay active to maintain their health. Young people have a wide variety of opportunity to access sports clubs and teams. Schools encourage mass participation during PE lesson and extend to after school clubs

Disability A disability can be physical or mental and either temporary or permanent. Sport is encouraged to all regardless of disability. They often compete against similar groups or can be mixed with able-bodied. Most facilities cater for disabled access. Oscar Pistorius is a double leg amputee but competes in able bodied races. Some people have claimed he has an unfair advantage over others due to his gastrocnemius not becoming fatigued.

Gender Males and females are both encouraged to take part in sport. Generally both sexes compete against the same gender to ensure fairness. Mixed doubles tennis/badminton and show jumping are the only exceptions. Although most sports are available to both sexes they compete separately. Why? Safety reasons due to size and strength differences and to ensure fair play. Tennis has 2 governing bodies for each gender.

Women and sport: Women also enjoy the competitive side of sport and increasing numbers join a gym due to social reasons (i.e. to go with a friend) Sports such as netball, tennis and dance clubs tend to be more popular with women due to there non-contact nature.

Gender – Hormone/Metabolism differences Men and women have hormone differences which affects participation. Hormone changes in women affects the way the female body metabolises carbohydrates and fats. Male bodies contain higher levels of testosterone. This affects levels of aggression and competitiveness. During puberty boys become stronger and develop muscles.

Women in sport Women tend to participate in activities associated with more non contact sports and those that would improve appearance. i.e. Toning muscles (aerobics)

This table shows the changing pattern of women in sport:

Women and elite level sport Women’ s opportunities at elite level are growing all the time. With an increase in the women’s sport profile, sponsorship and financial gain is becoming more readily available. Which women’s sports have seen an increase in coverage?

Women’s football association – Arsenal LADIES success Women and elite level sport Women’s football association – Arsenal LADIES success Women’s athletics Women’s Rugby Women’s tennis

Female sport coverage Do they have any/good media coverage? TENNIS? Role models? Strong grass roots? TENNIS? GOLF? BASKETBALL? FOOTBALL?

Female athletes and top-level sport Task: Using Rebecca Adlington as an example, say why she has a commercial impact on companies she may be sponsored by. The following ideas to help you: • What has she achieved? • What does her success mean to the country? • What are her personal qualities like?

Females have more opportunities in terms of: More females participate in sport Greater variety of sports available and recognised More clubs, competitions and organisations Better media coverage and therefore emerging role models More women’s success has lead to commercialisation deals.

TASK: Complete ‘Promoting Women in Sport’ worksheet.

Physique There are many differences in an individuals shape and size. The following factors may influence someone’s body shape: Height Weight Body Fat Muscle Size (Girth) Bone Size

How would body weight affect participation in sport? TASK: Think with the person next to you

How would body weight affect participation in sport? Fatigue quickly Speed when playing/speed of movement Strength levels Flexibility may be affected The need for more weight in certain activities i.e. Rugby prop

Physique and sport choice Depending on an individuals physique they may be suited to certain sports or play a particular position in a game. Demands of the sport: - Weight requirements Strength through training. Height advantages. Muscle size with bulk

Somatotypes Somatotyping is a method of determining an individuals body shape Body shape is determined genetically (born with it). It can be improved but not dramatically changed

3 Basic Somatotypes ENDOMORPH (Fat) MESOMORPH (Muscular) Wide hips and Narrow shoulders Shot putters, sumo wrestlers. MESOMORPH (Muscular) Narrow hips and broad shoulders Tennis, rugby, sprinters & swimmers ECTOMORPH (Thin) Narrow hips and shoulders High jumper, marathon runner

What Somatotype?

Somatotypes Somatotype is important, it may mean that you are better suited to one sport more than another. Many people are a normal shape – not an extreme body type. You can be a mixture of body types.

Past exam questions: (g) (i) What body type would you expect a successful female gymnast to have? ............................................................................................................................... (1) (ii) Explain your answer. (i) (ii) Ectomorph/ecto - mesomorph allow mesomorph (if qualified in part ii) Light body weight to allow successful completion of moves. Sufficient muscle to generate power for required moves

Measuring body fat To assess suitability for as particular sport you can measuring the ratio of the body. Fat levels vary depending on age and gender. Measuring fat levels can be done with skin fold callipers. The main measurement areas are: Biceps Triceps Waist/Hips Bottom of the Scapula TASK: Pupils to measure skin fold and muscle girths

Measuring bones and muscles Measuring bones can give the relationship between the size of a persons structure and the muscle and fat levels. Measuring muscles should be done when the muscle is flexed. The measurement is taken in cm.

Environmental factors The environment can affect an athletes performance. These includes factors such as climate, terrain and altitude. Discuss more factors. Weather Pollution Environmental factors Altitude Terrain Humidity Heat/Temperature

Access to facilities The provision of outdoor and indoor facilities depends on many factors. Some facilities for sport are not financially or practically possible to have. The government allocate money to local authorities and lottery money provides additional income to spend on sporting facilities. Transport: Where the facilities for an activity are good there is generally more participants. Good transport links mean people can access the club easily.

Location Naturally the location of activities are important. Outdoor pursuits centres are common in Wales where there is a big outdoor space. i.e. National park. Indoor climbing centre are popular in cities as it is inexpensive compared to a real climbing trip.

Risk and challenge Each sporting environment has different risks that need to be managed. Assessing and controlling the risk to performers is vital. TASK: 2 minutes. Discuss the factors to consider and report back to the group. Compete in the correct weight, age or skill category. Leaders should be trained to deal with problems. Take first aid kit and appropriate clothing Equipment should be checked.

Activity levels Different activities will have different effects and place differing demands on the body. What factors will affect performers activity levels? Motivation levels Experience Confidence Willingness to train hard Determination or attitude Time to recover

Training Training and the time spend improve ability or skill level will affect an individuals performance. - Professionals train daily as that is their job. - Amateurs fit training in around their full-time employment.

The demands of performance The demands of performance have both a mental and physical effect on the body. Physical demands of performance: Muscular strength Speed Coordination Reaction time Control of muscles (agility and balance)

Mental demands of performance: Performers will experience mental effects while competing. Some small levels of stress are good for performances but too much can effect a performer in a negative way. Other mental demands include: Stress Anxiety Nerves Personality and emotions Motivation Group task: How will the demands above effect a performer?

Summary Questions: Name the 6 categories of activities available to a performer and the differences. What roles are there in sport an individual could undertake? What individual differences are there in sport? What are the 3 different body somatotypes? What environmental factors could affect a performer? Name 3 mental and 3 physical demands of exercise.