Class Project Report Sustainable Air Quality, EECE 449/549, Spring 2009 Washington University, St. Louis, MO The Energy Analysis and Carbon Footprint of the Danforth University Center and its Causality Drivers The Energy Analysis and Carbon Footprint of the Danforth University Center and its Causality Drivers Instructors: Professor Rudolf B. Husar, Erin M. Robinson For more details see the class wikiclass wiki Students: Maiko Arashiro Alex Clark Neil Feinberg Mark Henson Kerry Herr Evan Kangas Janna Lambson Michael McDonald Katie Poeltl Cameron Smith Kharel Thompson

Class Project: Energy Analysis and Carbon Footprint of the Danforth University Center Specific Objectives: 1.Analyze energy usage in the DUC 2.Apportion the energy use to activities in the DUC 3.Determine carbon footprint of the DUC 4.Renewable energy analysis for electricity

DUC Description Services to People Number of People/day…?? Dining Socializing Student Services? Other Infer from LEEDs …

DUC Space Usage Dining/Open Offices Kitchen Other Facilities? Directly from LEEDS : DUC

Raw Data Analysis—Time Series ChartsRaw Data Analysis—Time Series

Raw Data Analysis—Diurnal Charts Show Four Energy Streams

DUC ENERGY BALANCE ENERGY Budget FOR PERIOD 3/12/09 THROUGH 4/24/09 Electricity Gas Hot Water Cold Water 24.3 MMBTU/day 4.6 MMBTU/day 1.0 MM BTU /day VentilationCooking Hoods Losses Activities Dining/Cooking Socializing Social Services ? MM BTU /day EnergyIn – Energy Vented 5.6 MMBTU/day 12.2 MMBTU/day 12.0 MMBTU/day

Electricity Distribution Diagram - Dynamic

DUC Electricity Distribution 3535 kWh/day Consumption Breakdown 1177 kWh/day 802 kWh/day 954 kWh/day Utilities (plug loads) Lighting HVAC Fans & Pumps Other 602 kWh/day

AHU-2 Supply Fan Daily Pattern

DUC HVAC – AHU-1 Energy Recovery Wheel, Btu Exhaust Heat Recovery DUC VAV Box Air Intake Pre heat or cooling Coil Hot Water Hot and Chill Water VAV Box

Cool and Hot Water Data from March 12-April

Cool and Hot Water Extrapolation Hours

Cool and Hot Water Costs and Carbon Emissions Yearly cold water usage: 6121 MMBtu Yearly hot water usage: 7039 MMBtu Estimated annual costs: –Cool water: $ 18,464 –Hot water: $61,584 Estimated annual CO 2 emissions: –Cool water: 310 metric tons –Hot water: 436 metric tons

Energy coming into the DUC This energy is the amount metered at the DUC in MMBTUs

Measured energy at DUC

DUC Carbon Footprint March-April Full Year estimate from Weather data

Coal Power Analysis Consideration of powering the DUC entirely on coal power (close to reality): –No square feet of area need to be set aside by school –Costs roughly $8.50/hr or $0.045/kWhr (operation, maintenance, and distributed capital costs) –Over time period of our data (March 12 – Present) this option would have cost about $7,500 or $9,500 when factoring in the “social cost” of carbon. Pros: –Cheap, cheap, cheap –Doesn’t need area set aside for it, the power company already handled that Cons: –Over the same time period above, the DUC would have 50 metric tons of carbon emissions associated with this electricity generation. –Burning of coal also releases significant amounts of sulfur, which can lead to acid rain.

Renewable Energy Source Analysis

Offices Includes: –Career Center –Office of Student Activities –The Student Union –Community Service Office –Graduate Center –Management and Event Services Total area of 35,873 ft2 Assumed to be in operation on M-F 8:00am-6:00pm

Offices

There is a baseline of electricity usage from ventilation, cooling, and other Lighting and equipment are assumed to be on only during office hours

Offices

Apportionment of Energy Used by Type for DUC Offices

Conference Space

There is a baseline of electricity consumption from cooling and ventilation

Conference Space

Kitchens Energy use in restaurants and industrial kitchens can be divided into 5 categories, and energy is consumed in those areas in these proportions: The energy used for “food prep” is natural gas, while the other 4 activities use electricity.

Use national averages by building type to estimate carbon associated with activities in the DUC

Recommendations Office Electricity Reduction –Turn off monitors if leaving for more than 15 minutes –Turn off computers overnight if possible –Use laptops for tasks not needing a desktop –Unplug all equipment overnight –Turn off lights when leaving the room