Guerino Mazzola (Fall 2015 © ): Introduction to Music Technology IIAcoustic Reality II.4.1 (W Sept 17) The Piano.

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Guerino Mazzola (Fall 2015 © ): Introduction to Music Technology IIAcoustic Reality II.4.1 (W Sept 17) The Piano

Guerino Mazzola (Fall 2015 © ): Introduction to Music Technology Some History In 1709 harpsichord (cembalo) constructor Bartolomeo Cristofori in Florence invented the instrument, he called gravicembalo col piano e forte. Here an instrument built in 1720 at Metropolitan Museum of Art (sound_example_1)

Guerino Mazzola (Fall 2015 © ): Introduction to Music Technology The historical instrument’s action looks like this Some History hammer (leather on wood) string key

Guerino Mazzola (Fall 2015 © ): Introduction to Music Technology An exploded grand piano

Guerino Mazzola (Fall 2015 © ): Introduction to Music Technology Modern piano‘s anatomy

Guerino Mazzola (Fall 2015 © ): Introduction to Music Technology The action of a modern piano Have also Erard‘s repetition action on grand pianos!

Guerino Mazzola (Fall 2015 © ): Introduction to Music Technology The agraffe and the bridge terminate the free strings tuning pins

Guerino Mazzola (Fall 2015 © ): Introduction to Music Technology The pull forces for Cristofori‘s and for modern pianos 70Nversus 830 N per string total: 7,500 N versus 210,000 N ~ 30 x more! Since 1855 (Steinway) need no more wooden, but cast-iron string plate, kg

Guerino Mazzola (Fall 2015 © ): Introduction to Music Technology The durometer to measure hammer hardness

Guerino Mazzola (Fall 2015 © ): Introduction to Music Technology Where to hit the strings L d hammer

Guerino Mazzola (Fall 2015 © ): Introduction to Music Technology The soundboard (spruce), mm, 4 modes 49Hz 67Hz 89Hz 184Hz

Guerino Mazzola (Fall 2015 © ): Introduction to Music Technology Modes mobility = velocity/force without strings and plate fully equipped

Guerino Mazzola (Fall 2015 © ): Introduction to Music Technology The piano case/rim mm kg maple or beech wood, important for massive termination of vibration of the soundboard

Guerino Mazzola (Fall 2015 © ): Introduction to Music Technology The interaction of strings and soundboard exchange of energy string(s) bridge/soundboard strong coupling —> high energy transfer —> loud, fast decay weak coupling —> low energy transfer —> quiet, slow decay need „trade-off“!

Guerino Mazzola (Fall 2015 © ): Introduction to Music Technology Three directions of string and bridge vibrations vertical longitudinal horizontal

Guerino Mazzola (Fall 2015 © ): Introduction to Music Technology Longitudinal vibrations sound_example_4, 5, 6, 7 E1 = 41 Hz Sound Level Frequency

Guerino Mazzola (Fall 2015 © ): Introduction to Music Technology Horizontal and vertical vibration for decay function

Guerino Mazzola (Fall 2015 © ): Introduction to Music Technology Horizontal and vertical vibration for decay function strong coupling caused by vertical vibration, loud, energy transfer to bridge —> fast decay weak coupling —> low energy transfer —> quiet, slow decay the second is caused by horizontal vibration and coupling with second string

Guerino Mazzola (Fall 2015 © ): Introduction to Music Technology coupling with second string and mistuning strong energy exchange via bridge/soundboard uncouple second string