PRS Slides for PowerPoint Chap 1 The original slides in this presentation were created by Dr. Melissa Acevedo (for Ciccarelli/Myer's Psychology) and Dr. Diane Martichuski (for Lilienfeld/Lynn/Lamy/Woolf’s Psychology). They have been combined here and adapted by Dr. Noland White to reflect changes for Ciccarelli/White's Psychology, 2e. The Science of Psychology Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009

Definitional and Application Slides The original slides in this presentation were created by Dr. Melissa Acevedo (for Ciccarelli/Myer's Psychology) and Dr. Diane Martichuski (for Lilienfeld/Lynn/Lamy/Woolf’s Psychology). They have been combined here and adapted by Dr. Noland White to reflect changes for Ciccarelli/White's Psychology, 2e. Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009

Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 LO 1.1 A psychologist determines that children who are exposed to violent television are more likely to be physically aggressive in the future than children who are not exposed to violent television. This psychologist has met the goal of: Description Explanation Prediction Control Introspection Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009

Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 LO 1.1 A psychologist determines that children who are exposed to violent television are more likely to be physically aggressive in the future than children who are not exposed to violent television. This psychologist has met the goal of: Description Explanation Prediction (p. 5) Control Introspection Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009

Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 LO 1.1 The goal of psychology that is most concerned with using psychological knowledge to help bring about desirable behavioral outcomes is: Description Explanation Prediction Control Correction Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009

Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 LO 1.1 The goal of psychology that is most concerned with using psychological knowledge to help bring about desirable behavioral outcomes is: Description Explanation Prediction Control (p. 5) Correction Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009

Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 LO 1.2 The first field of psychology that studied how people adapt to the world and its surroundings was called: Behaviorism Structuralism Psychoanalysis Functionalism Gestalt psychology Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009

Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 LO 1.2 The first field of psychology that studied how people adapt to the world and its surroundings was called: Behaviorism Structuralism Psychoanalysis Functionalism (p. 7) Gestalt psychology Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009

Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 LO 1.3 The field of psychology that believes that human experience CANNOT be studied appropriately by breaking down the experience into its smaller component parts is called: Gestalt Structuralism Psychoanalysis Behaviorism Introspection Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009

Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 LO 1.3 The field of psychology that believes that human experience CANNOT be studied appropriately by breaking down the experience into its smaller component parts is called: Gestalt (p. 9) Structuralism Psychoanalysis Behaviorism Introspection Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009

Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 LO 1.3 The idea that human behavior is influenced by unconscious forces that are outside of a person’s awareness (particularly sexual and aggressive forces) is advocated by which area of psychology: Behaviorism Structuralism Humanism Cognitive psychology Psychoanalysis Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009

Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 LO 1.3 The idea that human behavior is influenced by unconscious forces that are outside of a person’s awareness (particularly sexual and aggressive forces) is advocated by which area of psychology: Behaviorism Structuralism Humanism Cognitive psychology Psychoanalysis (p. 9-10) Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009

Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 LO 1.4 A researcher who believes that all humans are innately good and have free will is concerned with assessing the factors that lead a person to develop to their fullest potential. This researcher is most likely what type of psychologist? Behaviorist Humanist Psychoanalyst Biopsychologist Cognitive psychologist Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009

Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 LO 1.4 A researcher who believes that all humans are innately good and have free will is concerned with assessing the factors that lead a person to develop to their fullest potential. This researcher is most likely what type of psychologist? Behaviorist Humanist (p. 14) Psychoanalyst Biopsychologist Cognitive psychologist Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009

Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 LO 1.6 When psychologists carry out research, they should do all of the following to ensure the integrity of their results EXCEPT: Search for information in favor of their hypothesis Search for information that disproves their hypothesis Replicate the results of previous studies Analyze data using statistical or mathematical methods Draw conclusions about their findings Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009

Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 LO 1.6 When psychologists carry out research, they should do all of the following to ensure the integrity of their results EXCEPT: Search for information in favor of their hypothesis (p. 21) Search for information that disproves their hypothesis Replicate the results of previous studies Analyze data using statistical or mathematical methods Draw conclusions about their findings Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009

Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 LO 1.7 One criticism of many research methods, such as experiments, is their artificiality in trying to capture behavior as it might occur in the real world. One method that can be used to overcome this by recording behavior as it occurs in real time is called: Experiment Correlation Survey Naturalistic observation Case study Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009

Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 LO 1.7 One criticism of many research methods, such as experiments, is their artificiality in trying to capture behavior as it might occur in the real world. One method that can be used to overcome this by recording behavior as it occurs in real time is called: Experiment Correlation Survey Naturalistic observation (p. 22-23) Case study Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009

Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 LO 1.8 A researcher is interested in studying the effects of music on academic performance in college students in the United States. To make sure that the researcher gets a representative sample of the population she wants to study, she must: randomly assign students to experimental and control groups. control for observer bias. engage in random sampling. control for the observer effect. use blind observers to collect data. Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009

Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 LO 1.8 A researcher is interested in studying the effects of music on academic performance in college students in the United States. To make sure that the researcher gets a representative sample of the population she wants to study, she must: randomly assign students to experimental and control groups. control for observer bias. engage in random sampling. (p. 24) control for the observer effect. use blind observers to collect data. Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009

Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 LO 1.9 Which of the following correlation coefficients expresses the strongest relationship between levels of stress and likelihood of cancer? -.79 .60 .32 .10 -.90 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009

Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 LO 1.9 Which of the following correlation coefficients expresses the strongest relationship between levels of stress and likelihood of cancer? -.79 .60 .32 .10 -.90 (p. 27) Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009

Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 LO 1.9 The only research method that can be used to draw a cause and effect relationship between two variables is: Correlation Case study Experiment Naturalistic observation Survey Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009

Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 LO 1.9 The only research method that can be used to draw a cause and effect relationship between two variables is: Correlation Case study Experiment (p. 28) Naturalistic observation Survey Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009

Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 LO 1.10 A researcher examines the effects of marijuana on cognitive functioning. He assigns adults who receive less than 5 hours of sleep per night to the experimental condition, and adults who receive 8 hours of sleep or more per night to the control condition, and concludes that marijuana does lower cognitive functioning. Sleep is: An independent variable A dependent variable A confounding variable The experimental group The control group Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009

Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 LO 1.10 A researcher examines the effects of marijuana on cognitive functioning. He assigns adults who receive less than 5 hours of sleep per night to the experimental condition, and adults who receive 8 hours of sleep or more per night to the control condition, and concludes that marijuana does lower cognitive functioning. Sleep is: An independent variable A dependent variable A confounding variable (p. 29) The experimental group The control group Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009

Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 LO 1.10 Which provides a baseline measure of behavior for comparing whether or not the independent variable had an effect on the dependent variable? An experimental group A control group A random sample A randomly assigned group A double-blind researcher Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009

Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 LO 1.10 Which provides a baseline measure of behavior for comparing whether or not the independent variable had an effect on the dependent variable? An experimental group A control group (p. 29) A random sample A randomly assigned group A double-blind researcher Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009

Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 LO 1.11 A single blind study is one in which: the subject does not know to which group he or she has been assigned. the experimenter does not know to which group the subject has been assigned. both the researcher and experimenter do not know to which group the subject has been assigned. the researcher does not know the experimental hypothesis. only one group of subjects does not know to which group they have been assigned. Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009

Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 LO 1.11 A single blind study is one in which: the subject does not know to which group he or she has been assigned. (p. 31). the experimenter does not know to which group the subject has been assigned. both the researcher and experimenter do not know to which group the subject has been assigned. the researcher does not know the experimental hypothesis. only one group of subjects does not know to which group they have been assigned. Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009

Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 LO 1.13 All of the following are ethical guidelines set forth by the American Psychological Association EXCEPT: Informed consent about participation Participant can withdraw from research at any time Researcher must debrief participant about purpose of study Data must remain confidential The importance of research findings outweighs any potential harm to a handful of subjects Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009

Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 LO 1.13 All of the following are ethical guidelines set forth by the American Psychological Association EXCEPT: Informed consent about participation Participant can withdraw from research at any time Researcher must debrief participant about purpose of study Data must remain confidential The importance of research findings outweighs any potential harm to a handful of subjects (p. 35-36) Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009

Critical Thinking & Student Opinion Slides The original slides in this presentation were created by Dr. Melissa Acevedo (for Ciccarelli/Myer's Psychology) and Dr. Diane Martichuski (for Lilienfeld/Lynn/Lamy/Woolf’s Psychology). They have been combined here and adapted by Dr. Noland White to reflect changes for Ciccarelli/White's Psychology, 2e. Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009

Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Which is correct? People usually fall in love with someone very different from themselves. In other words, opposites attract. True False Survey: Common Misconceptions in Psychology Relevant topic: why we need research in psychology Use these to introduce why we need research in psychology, and why common sense is not always correct. Source: Lilienfeld/Lynn/Lamy/Woolf's Psychology Instructor Manual by Diane Martichuski, Pearson Education © 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009

Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Which is correct? People usually fall in love with someone very different from themselves. In other words, opposites attract. True False Survey: Common Misconceptions in Psychology In fact, the data suggest that we are much more likely to fall in love with someone who is similar to us. Source: Lilienfeld/Lynn/Lamy/Woolf's Psychology Instructor Manual by Diane Martichuski, Pearson Education © 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009

Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Which is correct? People with one eye still can see in three dimensions. True False Survey: Common Misconceptions in Psychology Source: Lilienfeld/Lynn/Lamy/Woolf's Psychology Instructor Manual by Diane Martichuski, Pearson Education © 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009

Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Which is correct? People with one eye still can see in three dimensions. True False Survey: Common Misconceptions in Psychology Although these people would lack binocular cues to vision, their brain would still construct a three-dimensional view using monocular cues. You can prove it to yourself by covering one eye - the world still appears in three dimensions. Source: Lilienfeld/Lynn/Lamy/Woolf's Psychology Instructor Manual by Diane Martichuski, Pearson Education © 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009

Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Which is correct? It is an optical illusion when the moon appears larger on the horizon than it does when it is overhead. True False Survey: Common Misconceptions in Psychology Source: Lilienfeld/Lynn/Lamy/Woolf's Psychology Instructor Manual by Diane Martichuski, Pearson Education © 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009

Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Which is correct? It is an optical illusion when the moon appears larger on the horizon than it does when it is overhead. True False Survey: Common Misconceptions in Psychology The moon only LOOKS larger on the horizon. A number of explanations have been offered for the illusion, because it is so compelling. One suggests that depth cues in the foreground signal that the moon is far away, so the brain makes it appear larger than when the moon is at its apex, high in the sky. Source: Lilienfeld/Lynn/Lamy/Woolf's Psychology Instructor Manual by Diane Martichuski, Pearson Education © 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009

Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Which is correct? Homosexuality is a mental disorder. True False Survey: Common Misconceptions in Psychology Source: Lilienfeld/Lynn/Lamy/Woolf's Psychology Instructor Manual by Diane Martichuski, Pearson Education © 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009

Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Which is correct? Homosexuality is a mental disorder. True False Survey: Common Misconceptions in Psychology The current edition of the diagnostic manual of the American Psychiatric Association does not list homosexuality as a mental disorder. Interestingly, earlier editions of this manual did. In many ways, the varied diagnoses are as much a political as a psychological issue. Source: Lilienfeld/Lynn/Lamy/Woolf's Psychology Instructor Manual by Diane Martichuski, Pearson Education © 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009

Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Which is correct? Hypnosis can help people to accurately recall a crime scene. True False Survey: Common Misconceptions in Psychology Source: Lilienfeld/Lynn/Lamy/Woolf's Psychology Instructor Manual by Diane Martichuski, Pearson Education © 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009

Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Which is correct? Hypnosis can help people to accurately recall a crime scene. True False Survey: Common Misconceptions in Psychology In fact, hypnosis is not a reliable way to improve memory. Although people sometimes recall otherwise forgotten information, they also invent a great many details, apparently in an effort to please the hypnotist. Source: Lilienfeld/Lynn/Lamy/Woolf's Psychology Instructor Manual by Diane Martichuski, Pearson Education © 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009

Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Which is correct? Blind people have more sensitive senses of hearing and touch. True False Survey: Common Misconceptions in Psychology Source: Lilienfeld/Lynn/Lamy/Woolf's Psychology Instructor Manual by Diane Martichuski, Pearson Education © 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009

Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Which is correct? Blind people have more sensitive senses of hearing and touch. True False Survey: Common Misconceptions in Psychology The best answer would be it depends on what you mean by “more sensitive.” They do not possess greater acuity for these senses. However, they do rely on other sensory systems more, and have more brain tissue (especially if born blind) devoted to these senses, and this area is used to pay attention to aspects and fine discriminations of stimuli in other sensory areas that those of us who are sighted may overlook (pun intended). Source: Lilienfeld/Lynn/Lamy/Woolf's Psychology Instructor Manual by Diane Martichuski, Pearson Education © 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009

Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Which is correct? Psychology is a science. True False Thought Question Relevant topic: psychology as a science Use this slide to discuss what makes psychology a science (use of scientific method), although there are no answers that are the “correct” and “true” answers (like the speed of light is always the same, or if you mix two chemicals, you get the same result every time). Psychology is sometimes referred to as a “soft” science because we are dealing with humans and their thoughts and behaviors. We cannot reliably predict a specific person’s behavior. Source: Lilienfeld/Lynn/Lamy/Woolf's Psychology Instructor Manual by Diane Martichuski, Pearson Education © 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009

Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Which is correct? Psychology is a science. True False Thought Question Relevant topic: psychology as a science Use this slide to discuss what makes psychology a science (use of scientific method), although there are no answers that are the “correct” and “true” answers (like the speed of light is always the same, or if you mix two chemicals, you get the same result every time). Psychology is sometimes referred to as a “soft” science because we are dealing with humans and their thoughts and behaviors. We cannot reliably predict a specific person’s behavior. Source: Lilienfeld/Lynn/Lamy/Woolf's Psychology Instructor Manual by Diane Martichuski, Pearson Education © 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009

Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 What do you think? Generally, I believe that actions speak louder than words. Agree Disagree Demonstration: Contradictory thinking Relevant topic: what are common beliefs (proverbs), how much students agree with them, inconsistency in beliefs, why we need research in psychology The next 6 slides ask questions about how much students agree with common proverbs. The first three are the opposite of the second three. Slides 7-9 in this demo allow you to compare the answers to each of the opposite pairs of proverbs. Clickers should allow you to compare two graphs. There is space below each question to put the graph. Source: Lilienfeld/Lynn/Lamy/Woolf's Psychology Instructor Manual by Diane Martichuski, Pearson Education © 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009

Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 What do you think? Generally, I believe that you can’t teach an old dog new tricks. Agree Disagree Demonstration: Contradictory thinking Source: Lilienfeld/Lynn/Lamy/Woolf's Psychology Instructor Manual by Diane Martichuski, Pearson Education © 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009

Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 What do you think? Generally, I believe that two heads are better than one. Agree Disagree Demonstration: Contradictory thinking Source: Lilienfeld/Lynn/Lamy/Woolf's Psychology Instructor Manual by Diane Martichuski, Pearson Education © 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009

Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 What do you think? Generally, I believe that the pen is mightier than the sword. A. Agree B. Disagree Demonstration: Contradictory thinking Source: Lilienfeld/Lynn/Lamy/Woolf's Psychology Instructor Manual by Diane Martichuski, Pearson Education © 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009

Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 What do you think? Generally, I believe that you are never too old to learn. A. Agree B. Disagree Demonstration: Contradictory thinking Source: Lilienfeld/Lynn/Lamy/Woolf's Psychology Instructor Manual by Diane Martichuski, Pearson Education © 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009

Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 What do you think? Generally, I believe that too many cooks spoil the broth. Agree Disagree Demonstration: Contradictory thinking Source: Lilienfeld/Lynn/Lamy/Woolf's Psychology Instructor Manual by Diane Martichuski, Pearson Education © 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009

Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Comparison Generally, I believe that actions speak louder than words. Agree Disagree Generally, I believe that the pen is mightier than the sword. Agree Disagree Demonstration: Contradictory thinking Relevant topic: what are common beliefs (proverbs), how much students agree with them, inconsistency in beliefs, why we need research in psychology USE THIS SLIDE TO COMPARE THE FIRST AND FOURTH GRAPHS. Which is it? These are opposites. Ask students why they think both can be true. You might discuss in psychology how different factors or situations may have an influence on behaviors. Source: Lilienfeld/Lynn/Lamy/Woolf's Psychology Instructor Manual by Diane Martichuski, Pearson Education © 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009

Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Comparison Generally, I believe that you can’t teach an old dog new tricks. Agree Disagree Generally, I believe that you are never too old to learn. Agree Disagree Demonstration: Contradictory thinking Relevant topic: what are common beliefs (proverbs), how much students agree with them, inconsistency in beliefs, why we need research in psychology USE THIS SLIDE TO COMPARE THE SECOND AND FIFTH GRAPHS. Which is it? Research shows that, given normal aging (not dementia or other brain-altering diseases), older humans can learn new things. Older animals can as well. Source: Lilienfeld/Lynn/Lamy/Woolf's Psychology Instructor Manual by Diane Martichuski, Pearson Education © 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009

Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Comparison Generally, I believe that two heads are better than one. Agree Disagree Generally, I believe that too many cooks spoil the broth. Agree Disagree Demonstration: Contradictory thinking Relevant topic: what are common beliefs (proverbs), how much students agree with them, inconsistency in beliefs, why we need research in psychology USE THIS SLIDE TO COMPARE THE THIRD AND SIXTH GRAPHS. Which is it? These are opposites. Ask students why they think both can be true. You might discuss in psychology how different factors or situations may have an influence on behaviors. Source: Lilienfeld/Lynn/Lamy/Woolf's Psychology Instructor Manual by Diane Martichuski, Pearson Education © 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009

Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 How much do you agree? “A lot of people I know believe in astrology, so there’s got to be something to it.” Strongly agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree Survey: Logical fallacies in psychological thinking Relevant topic: fallacies in psychological thinking Students new to psychology often fall victim to logical fallacies: traps in thinking that can lead to mistaken conclusions. It is easy for us to make these errors, because they seem to make intuitive sense. Students should keep these fallacies in mind over the course of the class, because they can sometimes lead to pseudoscientific beliefs. This fallacy is the BANDWAGON FALLACY. If a lot of people believe something, then it must be true. Source: Lilienfeld/Lynn/Lamy/Woolf's Psychology Instructor Manual by Diane Martichuski, Pearson Education © 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009

Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 How much do you agree? “Identical twins have similar IQ scores. This means that IQ is entirely pre-determined by genetics.” Strongly agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree Survey: Logical fallacies in psychological thinking Relevant topic: fallacies in psychological thinking Students new to psychology often fall victim to logical fallacies: traps in thinking that can lead to mistaken conclusions. It is easy for us to make these errors, because they seem to make intuitive sense. Students should keep these fallacies in mind over the course of the class, because they can sometimes lead to pseudoscientific beliefs. This fallacy is the EITHER-OR FALLACY. Students of psychology often try to categorize traits into an entirely nature trait, or entirely nurture trait, when really it is formed by an interaction of the two. Similarly, they want to know if Freud’s personality theory has merit or not (instead of considering that PARTS of the theory may be supported by research, while other parts are not. Source: Lilienfeld/Lynn/Lamy/Woolf's Psychology Instructor Manual by Diane Martichuski, Pearson Education © 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009

Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 How much do you agree? “Most other people have biases, but I can be pretty objective when I want to be.” Strongly agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly disagree Survey: Logical fallacies in psychological thinking Relevant topic: fallacies in psychological thinking Students new to psychology often fall victim to logical fallacies: traps in thinking that can lead to mistaken conclusions. It is easy for us to make these errors, because they seem to make intuitive sense. Students should keep these fallacies in mind over the course of the class, because they can sometimes lead to pseudoscientific beliefs. This fallacy is the NOT ME FALLACY. Students of psychology often think that they are special in terms of biases like prejudices, as well as biases in social perception (like confirmation bias, or hindsight bias). Source: Lilienfeld/Lynn/Lamy/Woolf's Psychology Instructor Manual by Diane Martichuski, Pearson Education © 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009 Copyright © Pearson Education, 2009