Statement analysis PresentedBy Prof. Shadia Abdelkader

At the end of this lecture every student will able to: ●Define statement analysis. ●Differentiate between its types. ●Identify its purposes and uses. ●Apply its steps. ●Utilize its advantages and limitation.

Statement: is an important basic element in any attempt to build a scientific body of knowledge. Analysis: is one approach to theory building. is one approach to theory building. In analysis one clarifies,refine and sharpens concept, statement, and theory. Definition:

It is a process of examining statements to determine if the statement is useful, informative, and logically correct. So what is statement analysis?

Rational Statement: Each statement describes some type of relationship between or within the concepts of the statement. It is the skeleton of theory Non rational Statement : It is the theoretical and abstract definition of the concepts at the statement. It is the way by which the theorist clarifies the meanings in the theory. Types:

●Associational. ● Causal. ● Deterministic. ● Probabilistic. ● Theoretical. Relational Statement

Non Relational Statement Existence Abstract operational

● Identifies a concept or an object and claims its Existence e.g. affect is claimed to exist. ● It Provides background and explanation before to positioning relationships. Existence

Describes the characteristics of a concept. ● Descriptive. ● Descriptive. ● Stipulative. ● Stipulative. ●Operational ●Operational Definition/Abstract

Descriptive Definition: Describe the accepted meaning for term already use

Stipulative Definition: Describe the term that has a scientific use within the theory.

Operational Definition: includes the specific means for measuring or testing Each scientific term within the theory

● Classify statement. ● Examine the relationship between concepts. ● Provide information about structure and function of statement. ● Determine any defects ● Correct and modify the statement. ● Build a new theory. Purposes and uses:

Steps of Statement Analysis 1- Select the statement 2- Simplify the statement Short Managable Simple 3- Classify the statement 4- Examine concepts within the statement

Steps Of Statement Analysis (cont.,) 5- Specify relationship Type Sign Symmetry 6- Examine the logic 7- Determine testability

1- Select the statement Select a statement from a familiar theory ● Specify purpose of analysis. ● Specify purpose of analysis. ● Select a major or a prominent rather than insignificant statement. ● Select a major or a prominent rather than insignificant statement. ● Careful Reading of the theory as well as the statement/s. Review of literature. ● Careful Reading of the theory as well as the statement/s. Review of literature.

Simplify the statement Simplifying the statement is needed for 2 reasons: Simplifying the statement is needed for 2 reasons: The problem of elaborative verbal concepts must be must be reduced to manageable statements. The problem of elaborative verbal concepts must be must be reduced to manageable statements. The second problem is complexity where one concept may be linked to several others simultaneously The second problem is complexity where one concept may be linked to several others simultaneously

2- Simplify the statement (If 2 conditions) Carefully, reduce the statement into simple, Carefully, reduce the statement into simple, shorter, manageable statements. shorter, manageable statements. Environment Agents Workplace worker

2- Simplify the statement (cont.,) Environment worker Workplace worker Environment Workplace Agent

3- Classify the statement There are 3 basic classifications of statement: A- Existence statement. A- Existence statement. B- Definition statement. B- Definition statement. C- Relational statement. C- Relational statement.

Existence statement Claims existence of concepts It Does not define or indicate their characteristics. Claims existence of concepts It Does not define or indicate their characteristics. Example: there is a phenomenon called occupational diseases. Example: there is a phenomenon called occupational diseases. Can be accurate or inaccurate. Can be accurate or inaccurate.

B-Definition statement ● Descriptive ● Stipulative ● Stipulative ● Operational statements

Descriptive Definitions ●Explains the accepted meaning for the term that already in use. ●Explains the accepted meaning for the term that already in use. ●It explains the term in other words that already understood by the reader. ●It explains the term in other words that already understood by the reader. ●It could be considered accurate e.g Kitten is the offspring of adult female cat. ●It could be considered accurate e.g Kitten is the offspring of adult female cat.

Stipulative Definition It is specifically formulated only for use in the way the author or researcher has decreed. For example ‘ for the purpose of this study a kitten shall be defined as any healthy female offspring of a healthy It is specifically formulated only for use in the way the author or researcher has decreed. For example ‘ for the purpose of this study a kitten shall be defined as any healthy female offspring of a healthy female cat that is less than 8 weeks old. female cat that is less than 8 weeks old.

Operational Definition Includes the specific means for measuring or testing each scientific term within it. Includes the specific means for measuring or testing each scientific term within it. An operational definition must be precise so that if it is used repetitively it will give an objective results. For example ‘ For the purpose of the study a kitten any healthy female offspring of a healthy female cat weighing between 4 and 12 ounces and no less than 3 days or more than 12 days old. An operational definition must be precise so that if it is used repetitively it will give an objective results. For example ‘ For the purpose of the study a kitten any healthy female offspring of a healthy female cat weighing between 4 and 12 ounces and no less than 3 days or more than 12 days old.

Classify the statement (cont.,) C- Relational statement: Specify relationships between concepts. Specify relationships between concepts. May be well supported empirically and logically so It functions as a law or an axiom within the theory. May be well supported empirically and logically so It functions as a law or an axiom within the theory. May be less well supported empirically and logically so It serve as a proposition or empirical generalization. May be less well supported empirically and logically so It serve as a proposition or empirical generalization. May be unsupported hypothesis. May be unsupported hypothesis.

4- Examine the concepts within the statement Identify concepts by scanning the statement for the major expressed ideas.Identify concepts by scanning the statement for the major expressed ideas. ●Determine the definition of Terms that reflect the concepts ●Determine the definition of Terms that reflect the concepts ● Determine if concepts as they are defined are theoretically valid ● Determine if concepts as they are defined are theoretically valid ● Determine if concepts as they are defined are used consistently throughout the discussion ● Determine if concepts as they are defined are used consistently throughout the discussion

5- Specify relationships by type, sign, and symmetry Specify relationships by type, sign, and symmetry

Specify relationships by type Specify relationships by type TYPE S CausalConcurrentProbabilisticNecessaryTime order Conditional Use symbols to diagram relationships.

5.2- Specify relationships by sign Positive relationship Negative relationship Inferred relationship Unknown relationship Concepts vary in the same direction. Concepts vary in the same direction. Concepts vary in different direction. Concepts vary in different direction. Derived logically from the first two statement. Derived logically from the first two statement. As one concept increases or decreases so does the other. As one concept increases or decreases so does the other. As one concept increases, the other decrease. As one concept increases, the other decrease. Since both A and Gc are related to H, they are related to each other. Since both A and Gc are related to H, they are related to each other. A H A H H Gc A Gc A Gc

Specify relationships by symmetry Specify relationships by symmetry SymmetricalAsymmetrical Two ways relationship Two ways relationship One way relationship One way relationship Each concept affect the other Each concept affect the other Relationship only goes from one concept to the next but is never reciprocated. Example: High attachment scores were associated with low anxiety scores and high anxiety scores were associated with low attachment scores. Example: High attachment scores were associated with low anxiety scores and high anxiety scores were associated with low attachment scores. Example: Anxiety is negatively related to group cohesiveness. Example: Anxiety is negatively related to group cohesiveness. At Ax At Ax Ax Gc

Examine the logic Examine the logic Examine the logic for origin. Examine the logic for origin. Examine the logic for reasonableness. Examine the logic for reasonableness. Examine the logic for adequacy. Examine the logic for adequacy.

Examine the logic for origin Is the statement constructed deductively or inductively? Is the statement constructed deductively or inductively? If it is deductive in origin its logic is adequate. If it is deductive in origin its logic is adequate. If it is inductive in origin logic can ’ t be judged except after empirical support and comparison to existing knowledge. If it is inductive in origin logic can ’ t be judged except after empirical support and comparison to existing knowledge.

Examine the logic for reasonableness Is the statement seems reasonable? Is the statement seems reasonable? Is the statement gives what we already know on the subject? Is the statement gives what we already know on the subject? Does the statement makes sense in the light of existing knowledge? Does the statement makes sense in the light of existing knowledge?

Examine the logic for adequacy Examine the logic for adequacy Draw a simple diagram labeling concepts by letters or numbers and determine types and signs that are relevant. Draw a simple diagram labeling concepts by letters or numbers and determine types and signs that are relevant.

Advantages of statement analysis Examine relationships systemically. Examine relationships systemically. Examine the structure and function of statements. Examine the structure and function of statements. Discover other linkages important to theoretical examination. Discover other linkages important to theoretical examination.

limitations of statement analysis Difficulty of analyzing one statement apart from the whole theory. Difficulty of analyzing one statement apart from the whole theory. Loss of valuable information. Loss of valuable information. Difficulty determining logic of statement Difficulty determining logic of statement

Utilization of statement analysis Education. Education. Practice. Practice. Research. Research. Theory development. Theory development.