John S Gero MIT Class Winter 2002 SITUATEDNESS

John S Gero MIT Class Winter 2002 Basic Ideas Interaction not just encoding Construction not just recall Cognitive Science Dewey (1896): “Sequences of acts are composed such that subsequent experiences categorize and hence give meaning to what was experienced before.” Gero (1998): “where you are when you do what you do matters” Experimental Studies Schön and Wiggins (1992): “interaction of making and seeing” Suwa, Gero and Purcell (1999): “Sketches serve as a physical setting in which design thoughts are constructed on the fly in a situated way.” Situatedness

John S Gero MIT Class Winter 2002 “Where you are when, matters”

John S Gero MIT Class Winter 2002

“What you focus on, matters”

John S Gero MIT Class Winter 2002

“What you are looking for affects what you see”

John S Gero MIT Class Winter 2002 No unique representation of world, depends partly on your expectations

John S Gero MIT Class Winter 2002 SITUATION EXPERIENCEMEMORIES Constructive Memory

John S Gero MIT Class Winter 2002 Constructive Memory

John S Gero MIT Class Winter 2002 Hypothesizing pull push Interpretation External World Expected World Interpreted World Action SITUATEDNESS: An interaction of different worlds

John S Gero MIT Class Winter 2002 Process Theory of Designing based on FBS PROCESS THEORY of DESIGNING 1 = formulation 2 = synthesis 3 = analysis 4 = evaluation 5 = documentation 6 = reformulation -1 7 = reformulation -2 8 = reformulation -3 F = function  = transformation Be = expected behavior  = comparison Bs = behavior derived from structure S = structure D = design description

John S Gero MIT Class Winter 2002 push-pull focussingcomparisontransformation Situated FBS Theory of Designing New processes

John S Gero MIT Class Winter 2002 Formulation

John S Gero MIT Class Winter 2002 Synthesis

John S Gero MIT Class Winter 2002 Analysis

John S Gero MIT Class Winter 2002 Evaluation

John S Gero MIT Class Winter 2002 Documentation

John S Gero MIT Class Winter 2002 Reformulation Type 1

John S Gero MIT Class Winter 2002 Reformulation Type 2

John S Gero MIT Class Winter 2002 Reformulation Type 3

John S Gero MIT Class Winter 2002 Initial Representation

John S Gero MIT Class Winter 2002

Example Sepulchral Church, Sir John Soane, 1796

John S Gero MIT Class Winter 2002 Learning the situatedness

John S Gero MIT Class Winter 2002 Multiple situations

John S Gero MIT Class Winter 2002 Implementation S 2 S 3 S 1 S 1 S 1 S 1 S 1 S 1 S 1 S 1 S 2 (a)(b ) S 2 S 3 S 1 S 1 S 1 S 1 S 2 S 3 S 1 S 1 S 1 S 1 S 3 S 3 S 3 (c)(d)

John S Gero MIT Class Winter 2002 Providing different moves (alternatives) in response to design actions

John S Gero MIT Class Winter 2002 Schön and Wiggins (1992): “interaction of making and seeing” l Representation (R) l Process (P) l Computation (C) l C = P x {R} l C = R x {P}

John S Gero MIT Class Winter 2002 Situated Sketching (after Stiny & after Schön)  An area of interest is focused on.  Memory constructed from previous, recalled experiences.  Situations are constructed/recalled.  “Interesting” new shapes are learned.      Situated “Reflection-in-Action”