Ubiquitous and Pervasive Computing Prabhaker Mateti

Networked Computing Send-Receive Message Passing paradigm Independent computer systems as Nodes Aware of other nodes and networks of nodes – Loss of messages, a serious concern – Ordered delivery, a serious concern – A snapshot of “global state” is not possible – global time stamps not available – define a “happened before” relation Client-Server computing Master-Slave computing CEG4900: Android Internals and Security 2Mateti

Distributed Computing Def: Computation based on send-receive of messages without shared memory state but with synergy. – Networked computing with “synergy” – Many variations loosen up the definition. Peer-to-Peer computing Spreading out and shrinking back on the network “Distributed Shared Memory” CEG4900: Android Internals and Security 3Mateti

Distributed Computing Software Cluster Computing Grid Computing PVM (Parallel Virtual Machine) – in spite of the name, a distributed computing paradigm – MPI (Message Passing Interface) – Condor – use idle machines – OpenMP is for parallel computing Distributed OS exist but have not gained a foothold. CEG4900: Android Internals and Security Mateti4

Parallel Computing Def: Computation based on shared memory state and with synergy. – Many variations loosen up the definition. – “Strongly coupled” nodes – Mutual exclusion a serious concern MIMD, SIMD, … Parallel Fortran, … languages Scientific computing Multi-Core CPUs Cellular Computing: PlayStation4 CEG4900: Android Internals and Security 5Mateti

Ubiquitous Computing Mainframe: Many people share one computer. Personal Computer: One person with one computer. Ubiquitous Computing: Many computers serve each person. “the age of calm technology, when technology recedes into the background of our lives.” roughly the opposite of virtual reality From: Mark Weiser, sandbox.xerox.com/ ubicomp/, 1996sandbox.xerox.com/ ubicomp/ CEG4900: Android Internals and Security 6Mateti

Ubiquitous Computing Scenario Provide hundreds of wireless computing devices per person per office, of all scales – from 1 in displays to wall sized. – This will require new work in operating systems, GUI, networks, wireless, displays, … This is different from PDA's, dynabooks, or information at your fingertips. It is invisible, everywhere computing that does not live on a personal device of any sort, but is in the woodwork everywhere. CEG4900: Android Internals and Security 7Mateti

Ubiquitous Computing Scenario small, inexpensive, robust networked processing devices distributed at all scales throughout everyday life and generally tuned to distinctly common-place ends. For example, a domestic ubiquitous computing environment might interconnect lighting and environmental controls with personal biometric monitors woven into clothing so that illumination and heating conditions in a room might be modulated, continuously and imperceptibly. Way beyond “Internet of Things” CEG4900: Android Internals and Security 8Mateti

Ubiquitous Computing Definitions “machines that fit the human environment instead of forcing humans to enter theirs.” “Computing without computers, where information processing has diffused into everyday life, and virtually disappeared from view.” -- Adam Greenfield, Everyware: The Dawning Age of Ubiquitous Computing, 2006 CEG4900: Android Internals and Security 9Mateti

Weiser’s Ubiquitous Devices 1996 Tabs: wearable centimeter sized devices Pads: hand-held decimeter-sized devices Boards: meter sized interactive display devices. CEG4900: Android Internals and Security 10Mateti

More Ubiquitous Devices “like pigment in the wall paint” Dust: miniaturized devices can be without visual output displays, – Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS), – nanometers to millimeters. Skin: fabrics based upon light emitting and conductive polymers, or organic computer devices Clay: ensembles of MEMS can be formed into arbitrary three dimensional shapes as artifacts CEG4900: Android Internals and Security 11Mateti

MicroSoft “Old Surface” PixelSense CEG4900: Android Internals and Security 12Mateti

Google Glass $1500 July 2014 CEG4900: Android Internals and Security Mateti13

MIT Sixth Sense CEG436: Mobile Computing14

MIT Sixth Sense CEG436: Mobile Computing15

Typical Cloud Computing File storage accessible via Internet to PCs, …, mobile devices – GoogleDrive, DropBox, OneDrive, … Shipping off a well-defined computation and data to an outsource provider – Google Apps – Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) CEG4900: Android Internals and Security 16Mateti

Cloud computing CEG4900: Android Internals and Security Mateti17

Cloud Computing “Cloud computing provides computation, software, data access, and storage services that do not require end-user knowledge of the physical location and configuration of the system that delivers the services.” Cloud computing characteristics: Agility, Reduced Cost, Device And Location Independence, On-demand Scalability And Performance CEG4900: Android Internals and Security Mateti18

Pervasive Computing Invisible Computing Everywhere: A world in which virtually every object has processing power with (wireless or wired) connections to a global network. Devices – RFID (radio frequency identification) tags – Active badges worn as ID cards. – Memory buttons that store information. Contextual computing 19 CEG4900: Android Internals and Security Mateti

Pervasive Computing Internet as the start of a pervasive computing system. “Pervasive computing envisions environments richly lathered with computation, communication and networked devices, mobile users interacting with their environment using speech and vision, with secure access to personal or public data. Pervasive computing environments will … immerse their users in a triad of invisible computation, communication and devices, working in concert to satisfy user requirements according to the facilities available in the environment.” CEG4900: Android Internals and Security Mateti20

Applications of Pervasive Computing Smart Homes – appliances communicate with each other – television, lighting, heating and home security Smart Cars – controlling the radio, transmission, remembering your seat position, adjusting the temperature, making the suspension work better, helping you see in the dark, and warning when tire pressure is low. Smart “Things” – Barcodes, Auto Identification (Auto-ID) – RFID tollbooth systems, such as E-Z Pass. Large-scale pervasive computing – Smart Schools – Intelligent Elder- Care – Smart Offices – Digital Cities 21 CEG4900: Android Internals and Security Mateti

Goals of Project Oxygen pervasive—it must be everywhere, with every portal reaching into the same information base; embedded—it must live in our world, sensing and affecting it; nomadic—it must allow users and computations to move around freely, according to their needs; adaptable—it must provide flexibility and spontaneity, in response to changes in user requirements and operating conditions; powerful, yet efficient—it must free itself from constraints imposed by bounded hardware resources, addressing instead system constraints imposed by user demands and available power or communication bandwidth; intentional—it must enable people to name services and software objects by intent, for example, "the nearest printer," as opposed to by address; eternal—it must never shut down or reboot; components may come and go in response to demand, errors, and upgrades, but Oxygen as a whole must be available all the time. CEG4900: Android Internals and Security 22Mateti

Conferences Annual UbiComp International Conferences IEEE Pervasive Computing and Communication (PerCom) conferences ml Many. ml MobiCom 20xx International Symposium on Wearable Computers CEG4900: Android Internals and Security 23Mateti

References M Satyanarayanan, Pervasive computing: Vision and challenges, IEEE Personal Communications, IEEE, 2001, ieeexplore.ieee.org Frank Stajano, “Security Issues in Ubiquitous Computing”, Handbook of Ambient Intelligence and Smart Environments, 2010, Part III, Jin Nakazawa, et al., A Description Language for Universal Understandings of Heterogeneous Services in Pervasive Computing, 2010 IEEE International Conference on Sensor Networks, Ubiquitous, and Trustworthy Computing. CEG4900: Android Internals and Security Mateti24