FRIENDSHIP “Friendship is like peeing on yourself: Everyone can see it, but only you get the warm feeling that it brings.”

THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM PREGNANCY AND BIRTH

PREGNANCY PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS: Palpation (~days 21-30): ‘walnuts’ Hormone assay Ultrasonography: 18-20 days past the LH peak Radiography (~day 45 after LH peak) distinct gestational sacs average 1.5-3.5 cm between days 28-32 of pregnancy

PREGNANCY buy 16-40 tests (depending on how many you run at once) for $240 (one year shelf life). If you only test dogs occasionally, then the price is pretty high.....how about ultrasound. Witness Relaxin 5 Tests/box Room temperature storage 10 minute running time Cost $78/5 tests

Ultrasound 25 days 49 55 Optimum: 33 – 45 days 200 beats/min

Pregnancy-related event Number of days after ovulation Number of days after fertile mating Onset of estrus -6 to +3 First of multiple matings -7 to +5 -12 to 0 Fertile mating -5 to +5 Ovulation Fertilization 2 to 5 0 to 7 Vaginal cornification reduced 5 to 7 0 to 12 Embryo attachment to uterus 14 to 16 9 to 21 Vesicles visible with ultrasound 15 to 17 10 to 22 Palpable 1 centimeter swellings 20 to 22 15 to 27 Fetal heartbeat visible (ultrasound) 22 to 23 17 to 28 Uterine swelling visible on X-ray 28 to 30 23 to 35 Palpability of swellings reduced 30 to 32 25 to 37 Earliest X-ray pregnancy diagnosis 43 to 45 39 to 50 Fetal pelvis visible on X-ray 51 to 55 46 to 60 Fetal teeth visible on X-ray 56 to 61 51 to 66 Whelping 62 to 64 57 to 69

Pregnant?

PREGNANCY: RADIOGRAPHS

PREGNANCY:RADIOGRAPHS http://www.dogbreedinfo.com/whelpingphotos.htm

PREGNANCY GESTATION: the period of pregnancy THREE STAGES OF LABOR: DOGS: 59-68 CATS: 56-69 THREE STAGES OF LABOR: 1ST:uterine contractions 2nd:delivery of the newborn 3rd:delivery of the placenta Typically, newborns and placentas are delivered alternately

PREGNANCY SIGNS OF IMPENDING PARTUITION: Nesting behavior:12-24 hours before Inappetance Panting, shivering Drop in rectal temperature ~24-48 hours before partuition (caused by abrupt decrease in progesterone): <98°

PREGNANCY LABOR, STAGE I: intermittent uterine contractions with no sign of abdominal straining Restlessness, panting, nesting may continue through stage I Cervix dilates

STAGE I http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hd8Bo1qc54A&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ptc6RMBiiPw&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sN0W_ePUsUc&NR=1

PREGNANCY LABOR, STAGE II: delivery of the newborn Rectal temp begins to rise to normal or slightly above Passing of fetal fluids Expulsive uterine contractions accompanied by abdominal contractions (3-6 hours but, may be as long as 24 hours total) 1st fetus usually delivered within 4 hours Bitch will break the amniotic membrane, lick the neonate intensely, and sever the umbilical cord 20 minutes to 1 hour per puppy but, no more than 2 hours should elapse between each puppy born. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zvkf0VDUv6c

PREGNANCY LABOR, STAGE II: WARNING SIGNS The bitch should be examined by a vet for the following reasons: Greenish discharge, but no pup is born within 2-4 hrs Fetal fluid passed more than 2-3 hrs previously, but nothing more has happened If she has had weak, irregular straining for more than 2-4 hours If she has had strong, regular straining for more than 20-30 minutes, but no pup born More than 2-4 hours have passed since the birth of the last puppy and more remain If she has been in stage II for more than 12 hours

PREGNANCY LABOR, STAGE II Interval between births Usually 5-120 minutes Partuition should never be allowed to last more than 24 hours

PREGNANCY LABOR, STAGE III: expulsion of the placenta pup-placenta-pup-placenta or pup-pup-placenta-placenta Usually follows within 15 minutes of each fetus Bitch may eat the placentas, but sometimes can be associated with vomiting and diarrhea Lochia – greenish postpartum discharge of fetal fluids and placental remains will be seen for up to 3 weeks or more

PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS

PREGNANCY DYSTOCIA: Difficult birth or the inability to expel the fetus through the birth canal without assistance Causes: Abnormal fetal position or size Uterine inertia Narrowed birth canal Diagnosis: Digital palpation of vagina Radiographs ultrasound

PREGNANCY: DYSTOCIA TREATMENT: Manual manipulation: a fetus lodged in the vaginal canal can be manually dislodged. For uterine inertia: oxytocin injections result in contraction of the uterine muscles; also, calcium preparations can be given C-section

PREGNANCY: INAPPROPRIATE MATERNAL BEHAVIOR DAM SHOULD: Allow nursing Grooming Stimulate CV,RS function Stimulates elimination and removal of waste material retrieving Protecting DAM SHOULD NOT: Attack, kill, or cannibalize her young Be overly protective, restless, or aggressive

PREGNANCY: LACTATION DISORDERS Agalactia: lack of milk production Causes include; Stress, malnutrition, premature partuition, or infection Galactostasis: milk stasis, which can result in mastitis Mastitis: a septic inflammation of the mammary gland Clinical signs: Pain, discolored milk, fever, reluctance to allow nursing, abscessed glands

PREGNANCY: LACTATION DISORDERS Treatment for mastitis: Antibiotics Warm compresses Do not allow nursing from affected glands

OTHER REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS: PYOMETRA: Literally “pus in the uterus” High levels of progesterone cause several changes in the uterus: hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the endometrial glands of the uterus Decreased myometrial contractions Predisoposes the uterus to bacterial infection Most common bacteria isolated is E.coli

PYOMETRA CLINICAL SIGNS: DIAGNOSIS: Vulvar discharge Vomiting Dehydration PU/PD Azotemia DIAGNOSIS: Radiology Ultrasound Bloodwork Ieukocytosis, neutrophilia with a left shift (closed pyometra)

PYOMETRA This is a potentially life-threatening condition

PYOMETRA An open pyometra is when the Cervix is open and allows drainage Of the pus Preferred treatment is ovariohysterectomy As well as antibiotics and fluid therapy

PYOMETRA IN A RAT ..\P10021A.jpg C:\Users\BUNNY\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Windows\Temporary Internet Files\Low\Content.IE5\C9I4F8D5\P10021B[1].jpg

VAGINITIS Definition: an inflammatory process, not necessarily infectious. Prepuberal bitch (aka puppy vaginitis) VS. Adult vaginitis

VAGINITIS PUPPY VAGINITIS Causes: Clinical signs: Inverted vulva Hormonal fluctuations Clinical signs: Purulent vulvar discharge +/- licking the vulva Treatments: systemic antibiotics topical douching Signs will return when treatment is discontinued Condition resolves naturally after the first heat cycle

VAGINITIS Inverted vulva

VAGINITIS ADULT VAGINITIS Causes: Clinical signs: Anatomical abnormalities Canine herpesvirus Clinical signs: purulent vulvar discharge +/- licking the vulva peri-vulvar skin irritation or infection Perceived urinary incontinence

VAGINAL HYPERPLASIA/PROLAPSE Occurs under the influence of estrogen Results in edematous vaginal tissue that protrudes from the vulva Treatment: Ovariohysterectomy resolves the condition permanently and is the tx of choice Will usually resolve spontaneously but will recur with subsequent estrous cycles

VAGINAL HYPERPLASIA/PROLAPSE

MAMMARY TUMORS Usually tumors of older intact females ~50% of all tumors in female dogs 3rd most common tumor in cats Risk dramatically reduces with ovariohysterectomy (<1% if spayed before 1st heat) 50% of canine tumors are benign Only 10-20% of feline tumors are benign

MAMMARY TUMORS Malignant tumors are usually fast growing, Invasive and ulcerated. Benign tumors are Often small and feel like a pea. Surgical removal is advised for all Mammary tumors. Biopsy is required To differentiate benign from malignant tumors

OVARIOHYSTERECTOMY Surgical removal of the ovaries and uterus http://www.lbah.com/canine/spay.html

References Alleice Summers, Common Diseases of Companion Animals http://www.vet.uga.edu/vpp/clerk/Beimborn/index.php http://veterinarycalendar.dvm360.com/avhc/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=727396&pageID=1&sk=&date= http://www.vetmed.lsu.edu/eiltslotus/Theriogenology-5361/the_normal_canine.htm

References http://extension.missouri.edu/p/G9923