Community ecology Outline: Community structure: attributes Factors influencing the structure of communities Community dynamics Chapter 16-18

Community attributes # of species Relative abundance of species Nature of species interactions (food webs) Physical structure

Community structure Species richness (# of species within community) 10

Community structure Relative abundance (% each species contributes to the total number of individuals)

Stand one Stand two

Simpson’s diversity index D = –0: high diversity –1: low diversity Stand one (Table 16.1): D=0.13 Stand two (Table 16.2): D=0.36

Dominance Yellow-poplar

Food webs

Keystone species

Functional groups Feeding level Exploitation of common resources (guilds) Photosynthetic pathway Shade tolerance Life history

Physical structure

Zonation

supratidal intertidal subtidal

Association Relatively consistent species composition Uniform general appearance Distribution that is characteristic of a particular habitat

Organismic concept of communities

Continuum concept of communities

Factors controlling community structure

Fundamental niche

Species interactions

Keystone predation

Apparent competition

Indirect commensalism

Top-down vs. bottom-up control

The number of trophic levels regulates plant, herbivore and carnivore numbers B/comp: numbers limited by availability of resources (bottom-up regulation). Competition strong, predation weak. T/pred: numbers limited by predation (top-down regulation). Competition weak, predation strong. # trophic levels:

Stress tolerance and competition

Smooth cordgrass Salt meadow cordgrass Black needle rush

Environmental heterogeneity

Relationship between the number of plants per 300m 2 plot beside the hood river, NWT, and an index (ranging from 0 to 1) of spatial heterogeneity in abiotic factors associated with topography and soil. More spatially heterogeneous plots had higher species richness.

Environmental quality

Plant species diversity in a control plot and a fertilized plot in the Parkgrass experiment in Rothamstead, England. Fertilized plots have lower species diversity. The Parkgrass experiment, which began in 1856, is the longest running ecological experiment.

Community stability Types of stability: 1.Resilient community: returns to former state after disturbance 2.Resistant community: changes little in response to disturbance

Community dynamics: Succession

Pioneer species Late successional species Primary succession

Secondary succession

beach grassshrubspinesoak

Primary succession: newly exposed substrate

Dryas sp. An early succession species on glacial moraines in Glacier bay. Dryas is a symbiotic N-fixing plant

Populus trichocarpa Salix arctica After Dryas, cottonwood and willows become established

Alnus incana Alders become the dominant tree after 50 years

Tsuga mertensianaPicea sitchensis “Climax”: mixed spruce-hemlock forest

Secondary succession: after disturbance

Density Autogenic vs. allogenic change

Allogenic environmental change

Oak-pine forest Species diversity during succession

Intermediate disturbance hypothesis

HighLow

In New Zealand streams, less disturbed sites support more complex communities (i.e., communities with larger, more connected food webs)

Bark beetle/wood- boring beetle Fungi/bacteria Predatory insects Moss and lichen Invertebrates/ mice/ salamanders Succession of heterotrophs

Changes over geologic time

Concept of community revisited