BR-1 BR-2 BR-1 Debris Flows in Antietam Quartzite Battle Run, Glasgow, Virginia N BR-1 Approximately 320 ft. long BR-2 Approximately 560 ft. long Aerial photo from 1998

Debris Flow in Antietam Quartzite Battle Run, Glasgow, Virginia X1X1 X 12 ft. 9 ft. Exposed bedrock Photo by Bob Sas, 2/04 A B XX1X1 N A - Boulder of Antietam quartzite deposited by flood of stream. B - Boulder and colluvium of Antietam quartzite deposited during debris flow of Path in channel of debris flow. Top bank of stream. Location and approximate size of main scarp (behind trees). Flow BR-1 Fig. 1 Cross section of flow path demonstrating exposed bedrock. In the bottom of the channel is a collection of white colored-sand, cobbles, and silty clay layer from the weathered sandstone bedrock. Plate 1 This debris flow was initiated by heavy rainfall saturating the bedrock between joints. The rocks are heavily weathered sandstones of the Chilhowee group.

Debris Flow in Antietam Quartzite Battle Run, Glasgow, Virginia Main scarp trace. Location of old rock fall. Flow BR-2 Photo by Bob Sas, 2/04 Plate 2 From the main scarp to the bottom of the photograph is approximately 250 ft. There are multiple exposures of bedrock under the main scarp and top slump areas. The new vegetation growing in the flow path is primarily Virginia Pine, others include grasses and thorny brush. XX1X1 Exposed bedrock Soil and cobbles X X1X1 11 ft. 10 ft. Fig. 2 The exposed bedrock shows evidence of jointing along strike. The apparent dip of the bedding into the scarp channel is 68 O. The length of this scarp is 57 ft. from tail to where the channel drops into the main flow. N

Relative Locations of Photographs A B Plate 3 These photographs show evidence of debris flows from an event previous to The grain supported cobbles and boulders are indicative of debris flows. The poorly sorted sizes of the deposits are another good indication that these are flow deposits and not ones emplaced through fluvial processes. The colored lines in the photos show the bottom of the flow deposit profiles. N N BR-2 BR-1 A B N Photos by Bob Sas, 2/04

A B C D E F G A1A1 Photo by Bob Sas,2/04 Plate 4 On the North bank of Battle Run is this example of an overturned soil profile. At some unknown time this profile experienced local deformation either from epeirogenesis or toppling of the beds due to shear stress. Each blue line marks the start of a new horizon. Horizons A 1, D, E, and F are all heavily saprolitized. A saprolite is a “rotten rock” that contains structures of the original rock, but that has undergone significant chemical weathering to form an unconsolidated mass (Ritter, et al, 2002). The grayish-blue colors can be attributed to silica clay rich saprolites, which are on the verge of total decomposition. The Jacob’s Staff is 4.9 ft. tall. Marks the boundary of the top and bottom of the North bank of Battle Run The location of this photograph is several feet downstream from BR N

High velocity path of debris flow. Boulder longest length is 5 ft. BR-2 BR-1 Location of photograph on Battle Run. N N Photo by Bob Sas, 2/04 Plate 5 These bouldary fronts are the result of a high velocity debris flow with enough viscosity to “float” these boulders and carry enough sediment to support them upon deposition. Boulders and downed trees form evulsions in the stream channel by choking off the water flow, thus diverting the channel around the debris.

Bibliography and Works Cited Ritter, D.F, R.C. Kochel, J.R. Miller. Process Geomorphology. 4 th ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill, U.S. Geological Survey. Glasgow, VA 7.5 Minute Quadrangle (with Aerial Photography). 29 Feb. 2004