AIM: Were the Islamic Empires successful? DO NOW: Do you think religion should be involved in government? Explain.

The Ottoman Empire  Rise of the Ottoman Turks  Osman ( ); leader of Osman Turks

Expansion of the Empire  Bayazid I( )  Mehmet II ( )  The Takeover of Constantinople, 1453  The Advance into Western Asia and Africa  Selim I ( )  Gain control over Mesopotamia and Northern Africa

Turkish Expansion in Europe  Suleiman I the Magnificent ( )  Belgrade, 1521  Battle of Mohács, 1526  Vienna, 1529  Turkish defeated by the Spanish at Lepanto, 1571  Vienna, 1683

Nature of Turkish Rule  Sultan: ruler of the empire  Devshirme  trained children in Islam  Trained for leadership positions  Harem (Private domain of the sultan)  Wives of the sultan  Women of the harem often exercised influence  Educated and trained  Administration of the Government  Grand Vezir, the chief minister  Provinces and districts governed by officials who combined civil and military functions  Senior officials assigned land by the sultan

The Ottoman Empire

Religion and Society in the Ottoman World  The Ottoman ruling elites were Sunni Muslims  Claimed the title of caliph  Had to uphold the Shari’a, Islamic Law  Sufism  The Treatment of Minorities  Non-Muslims- Orthodox Christians (Greeks and Slavs, Jews, Armenian Christians  Position of women

Ottomans in Decline  Battle of Carlowitz, 1699  Reasons for decline  Administrative system began to break down  Changes in the devshirme system  Corruption  Material affluence and impact of western ideas and customs  Weak rulers

Ottoman Annotation with Questions  Step #1: Read and annotate text  Step #2: Answer the Guiding Questions  Step #3: Report Card = Pass or Fail!  1. Leadership: Ruling the Empire  2. Treatment of People  3. Society (Arts, Literature)

AIM: Were the Islamic Empires successful? DO NOW: Take out your homework. Who was Sulieman the Magnificent? Does he deserve his title? Explain.

Homework  Go over responses and check for credit  Create An outline of the Ottoman Empire  1. Beginnings  2. Expansions  3. Important leaders  4. Social Structure (INCLUDE JANIZARIES)

The Safavid  Shah Ismail ( )  Was Sufi  Seized much of Iran and Iraq, 1501  Sent Shi’ite preachers into Anatolia  Ottomans attack Shah Abbas I, the Great, 1850’s  Safavid forced to move capital  Safavid reach the zenith of their glory  Problems following Abbas, the Great

The Ottoman and Safavid Empires, c. 1683

Safavid, cont’d  Safavid Politics and Society  Used Islam as a unifying force  Pyramidal political system, shah at the top  Economy of commerce and manufacturing  Safavid Art and Literature  Isfahan  Textiles Silk weaving  Painting

Safavid Sheet  Text Outline

The Mughal Empire

The Grandeur of the Mughals  The Founding of the Empire  Mughal Dynasty: A “Gunpowder Empire”?  Babur ( ) Captures Delhi in 1526 and thus control of the northern plains  Humayun ( ) Was forced to flee in 1540 Recaptures Delhi in 1555  Akbar ( ) Expansion under Akbar

The Mughals, cont’d  Akbar and Indo-Muslim Civilization  Religion  Religious tolerance  Din-I-ilahi (Divine Faith)  Society and the Economy  Upper ranks – nonnative Muslims  Lower ranks – Hindus  Paid salaries but later assigned agricultural land and can collect taxes in lieu of salary  Zamindars, officials paid rest of taxes to government  Mughal legal system Hindu laws applied to areas settled by Hindus Hindus no longer paid jizya, poll tax on non-Muslims

Twilight of the Mughals  Jahangir ( )  In early years strengthened central control  Court falls under influence of one of his wives  The Reign of Shah Jahan ( )  Killed all his rivals when he came to the throne  Expanded the boundaries  Growing domestic problems  Taj Mahal  Rule of Augangzeb ( )  Reforms and religious intolerance  Rebellions

Decline of the Mughals  Draining of the imperial treasury  Decline in the competence of Mughal rulers  Loosely knit principalities  Unwillingness of the wealthy to accept authority

Akbar’s Reign  Long period of peace and political stability  Commerce and manufacturing flourished  Foreign trade thrived  Tariffs on imports low  Foreign commerce handled by Arab traders because Indians did not care for travel by sea  Internal trade dominated by merchant castes

Impact of Western Power in India  The Portuguese arrived first  The English arrive at Surat in 1608  Send an ambassador in 1616  Fort William (Calcutta)  Dutch and French  Joseph François Dupleix  Pondicherry  Continued English activities  Sir Robert Clive  British East India Company  Battle of Plassey, 1757  British began to consolidate control

Economic Difficulties  East India Company’s takeover of vast landholdings a disaster for Indian economy  Transfer of capital from local Indian aristocracy to company officials, who sent profits back to England  Destruction of local industries because British goods imported duty-free  British expansion hurt peasants  British law meant people who couldn’t pay tax lost their land  Series of massive famines led to death of 1/3 population

Society and Economy under the Mughals  Position of women Mix of Hindu, Muslim, and tribal practices purdah  Women in commerce  Hindus efforts to defend themselves  Commercialization of India  The Economy  Long-term stability led to increasing commercialization and spread of wealth  Mughal era – affluent landed gentry and prosperous merchant class  British rule – prominent Indians established commercial relationships with foreigners

Mughal Culture  Islamic combined with Persian and indigenous influences  Architecture  The most visible achievement  The Taj Mahal; Humayun’s mausoleum