SEA WATER COMPOSITION I. Salinity: The amount of solid material dissolved in water A. 1. Seawater is composed of ________________________ These elements make up _____ of the dissolved materials in the ocean. B. Sources: 1. Add- 2. Remove-

Why is the ocean salty? Clip on: why tell me why? http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/31006-why-tell-me-why-explaining-saltwater-video.htm Notes:

Areas of Diverse Salinity C. Variations: 1. Open ocean is between _____parts per thousand 2. _______ water has been diluted with fresh water (estuaries and bays) 3. Hyper saline water is typical of ____ bodies of water where evaporation is high and circulation low. (Great Salt Lake 28.0%, Dead Sea 33.0%)

Salty lakes hid deep in the Mediterranean Geoscientists have discovered ______ lakes of extremely salty brine lying in pockets on the floor of the _______________ Sea, south west of the island of Crete. Such Lakes could help explain why the __________________ is saltier than typical ocean water. The three brine lakes situated more than 3300 meters below the sea surface were discovered in 1993 and 1994 by a team of European scientists conducting the Mediterranean Ridge Fluid Flow project. __________________ Researchers found the lakes using echo ____________ which sends down pulses of sound to probe the seafloor. The boundary between the dense brine fluids and normal seawater above creates a flat lake surface that stands out amid rougher surrounding seafloor. The density contrast prevents the brine from mixing easily with the seawater.

Salty lakes hid deep in the Mediterranean The scientists focused attention on a horseshoe-shaped lake, called ___________ which had an average depth of 80 meters. The chloride content in the Urania brine measured about _________ that of Mediterranean seawater. The lakes formed when seawater dissolved deposits of salt-rich rocks along the seafloor. These lakes may explain the Mediterranean’s high salinity.

Evaporative Salts Complete the Quicklab from pg. 412 Answer the Analyze and Conclude questions in your notebook Homework: pg 427 #1-5 and writing in science

Effects of Salinity D. Effects of Salinity 1. Salinity __________ density But is ______ a significant factor in determining density at depth (___________ is more important)

2. Average ocean water has a salinity of ___________. The Range is 33-37 ppt 3. _____________ increases temperature at which water boils 4. Temperature is _____________________ to density Decrease in temp=__________ in density Increase in temp=__________ in density

5. Buoyancy changes with changes in salinity (higher=____ buoyant, lower=_____ buoyant) due to density

Salinity and Humans Lack of salt in a diet can produce ___________and associated health issues

Salinity Notes Freshwater coming in from __________ and precipitation make ________ salinity Salinity is higher in ________ regions because salt is left behind when water ___________. _____________ of salt water is greater than fresh water. Fresh water______________ on salt water

Temperature Temperature differences are caused by ____________________ at different latitudes As you get closer to the poles the angle of radiation from the sun _____________ and radiation is spread over a larger ________________. Deep ocean water is the __________ temperature as the polar region surface waters There are rapid temperature changes in the ___________________ of depth

Density Dependent on ______________ and _______________ Salinity increases, density _____________________ Temperature increases, density __________________ _____________ dense water remains at the surface In the open ocean, _______________ is more important in determining density—Near shore the ___________ is more important in density determination _______________-Rapid change in decreased temperature ________________-rapid change in density ________________-rapid change in salinity

Water Molecule: Water is special In water, each ___________ nucleus is bound to the central ___________ atom by a pair of electrons that are shared between them; chemists call this shared electron pair a ____________________ chemical bond.

Making a water molecule Follow the instruction on the water molecule worksheet Take notes from the water molecule chemistry information sheet. Please return the information sheet to me. Work on the Salinity worksheet and Ocean motion information-you may write on the sheet and tape it into your notebook or write the answers into your notebook. If you have more time begin the Seawater packet.

Water Video clip http://videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw/16875-the-water-cycle-fresh-water-vs-salt-water-video.htm http://videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw/9926-the-biology-of-water-the-hydrologic-cycle-video.htm http://videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw/9927-the-biology-of-water-population-and-demand-video.htm http://videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw/9920-the-biology-of-water-tillamook-bay-video.htm

Water’s Special Abilities II. Water’s Special Properties A. Heat Transfer 1. __________: Transmission of heat from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature. 2. Heat is conducted away from a body ___faster in water than in ________.

B. Water & Light 1. _____ Penetration: Only about ___ of sunlight reaches 30 feet in clear water. a. Photosynthesis occurs at depths up to ______ feet in clear water. b. ________: suspended particles affect light penetration. c. Color dissipates at different depths due to the different _________. Color is lost in the order of Red, Orange, Yellow, Violet, Green, and Blue. (florescent colors emit color when stimulated any light of shorter wavelength)

d. Magnification-objects appear ____ ______ underwater and often closer due to refraction e. _____-water is a good conductor of _____ due to the density. Sound in seawater travels ___ faster, allowing sound to reach the ears at the same time.

Agenda Quiz Salinity Lab and worksheets Notes on ocean zones and organisms Worksheet: Physical properties of Ocean zones Homework: Section 15.2 #1-5

Layers of the Ocean III. Three Major Zones: _______ (Surface), ____________ Zone, _________ Zone

A. Shallow Mixed: Surface H2O has a ______ temp and usually extends to ____m. B. Transition Zone: Temperature falls abruptly creating a _________, accounts for 18% of all the sea C. Deep Zone: Temperature is a few degrees above __________ and initiates deep ocean ____________.

Marine Organisms--15.2 IV. Types of Organisms: A. _________: These organisms are drifters and include phytoplankton and zooplankton. 1. __________: Consist mostly of unicellular algae that are photosynthetic. a. Also includes ________ (main primary producers) and Dinoflagellates (cause red tide and bioluminescence) 2. ___________: Consist of herbivores grazing on phytoplankton or carnivores eating other zooplankton.

B. _________: Includes all animals that are capable of moving independently. 1. Includes all fish, marine mammals & reptiles, squid and shrimp are only inverts. C. _________: Organisms that inhabit the ________ of the ocean. 1. Includes all organisms that live on the bottom both in shallow and deep water.

Life Zone Areas V. Three Factors that Affect Distribution of Life: Light Penetration, Distance from Shore and Depth A. _____ Penetration: Photic Zone is affected by sediments, plankton, and decaying organic particles. Divided into 2 individual sub-zones 1.________: Where photosynthesis occurs up to a max depth of 300ft 2._________: There is not enough light for photosynthesis, but marine animals use this area to avoid predators.

B. Distance from Shore: Subdivided into 3 areas 1 B. Distance from Shore: Subdivided into 3 areas 1. __________-zone affected by tidal change 2. _________-part of the continental shelf, accounts for 90% of the World’s fisheries 3. _________- open ocean with fewer organism

C. H2O Depth: Divided into Three major areas 1. Pelagic- 2. Benthic- 3 C. H2O Depth: Divided into Three major areas 1. Pelagic- 2. Benthic- 3. Abyssal- D. ___________________: Areas of extreme high temperatures, volatile gases, dissolved nutrients, large amounts of mineral precipitants.

Primary Production VI. Primary Productivity: Production of organic compounds from inorganic compounds via photosynthesis or chemosynthesis A. Polar Regions: B. Temperate Regions: C. Tropical Oceans ( a biological desert):

Feeding Relationships __________ Levels: Energy transfer within the food chain. Transfer of energy between levels is very inefficient Trophic levels are the _________ stages (algae, zooplankton and herbivores, carnivores, larger carnivores ____________ is a sequence of organisms through which organisms are transferred. _______________is a complex series of feeding relationships with many organisms relying on multiple sources of food.