Exam #1 Class Data 3rd: 87.40 average 5th: 89.64 average 2 Failures 2 Failures 4 scores over 100 4 scores over 100 1 50/50 Score 1 Perfect Score Highest Grade 108 Highest Grade 110 6th: 80.53 average 4 Failures 3 scores of 100 or over Highest Grade 101

Most-Missed Questions Which of the following is an example of commensalism: A goat fish sifting through sand, finding, then eating small crustaceans A clownfish living inside of an anemone An aquatic flea living off of a pigmy seahorse A pigmy seahorse using camouflage to hide within a coral

Most-Missed Questions All of the following will occur when temperature is decreased within an aquatic system, EXCEPT: There will be less thermal energy available The concentration of oxygen will increase The metabolism of the cold-blooded organisms will decrease The concentration of TAN will increase

Most-Missed Questions If an aquatic system is suffering due to a massive increase in ammonia, all of the following will help lower the ammonia to a safe level EXCEPT: Removing aquatic plants Adding aquatic plants Stimulating more algae growth Reducing the amount of food going into the system

Most-Missed Questions Which of the following change would help increase the rate at which a sick fish takes in medication: Decreasing the temperature of the tank Increasing the temperature of the tank Decreasing the pH of the tank Increasing the pH of the tank

Exam Advice If you did poorly on the exam, consider the following: That will be, by far, the easiest exam in this class You should study the quizzes You should be actively engaged in the quizzes, not simply waiting to hear an answer to enter You should complete your exam review (all the terms you need are on the review, its bonus credit, and the completed review is posted online days before the exam)

History of Oceanography Project Get in a group of 3 or fewer Look over the available topics & choose a few that you would like to present Your names will be randomized & then, in that order, you will get to pick your topic. Please mark which topic is yours, it is your responsibility to remember the topic. This is due on Friday.

Essentials of Oceanography The Marine Habitats Essentials of Oceanography

The diversity of marine life The ocean is home to a wide variety of organisms Marine organisms range from microscopic bacteria and algae to the largest animal in the world (blue whale) Number of known marine species: 250,000

Classification of living things Organisms can be classified into one of three domains of life: Archaea Bacteria Eukarya Figure 12-1

Classification of living things Organisms can also be classified into one of five kingdoms: Monera Protoctista Fungi Plantae Animalia Figure 12-1

Classification of living things Taxonomic classification includes the following increasingly specific groupings: Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Taxonomic classification of selected organisms Category Human Killer whale Giant kelp Kingdom Animalia Protoctista Phylum Chordata Phaeophyta Subphylum Vertebrata Class Mammalia Phaeophycae Order Primates Cetacea Laminariales Family Hominidae Delphinidae Lessoniaceae Genus Homo Orcinus Macrocystis Species sapiens orca pyrifera

Classification of marine organisms Marine organisms can be classified into one of three groups based on habitat and mobility: Plankton (floaters) Phytoplankton (drifting plants and algae) Zooplankton (drifting animals) Nekton (swimmers) Benthos (bottom dwellers)

Plankton: Examples Phytoplankton Zooplankton Figure 12-2

Nekton: Examples Figure 12-4

Benthos: Examples Figure 12-5

Life cycle of a squid Squid experience benthic, planktonic, and nektonic stages Squid are considered meroplankton (opposite = holoplankton) “mero” – part “holo” - whole Figure 12-3

Distribution of species on Earth The land has more species because it has greater environmental variability than the ocean Most ocean species are benthic because of greater environmental variability compared to pelagic environments Figure 12-6

Adaptations of organisms to the marine environment The marine environment presents many challenges to organisms because seawater: Is dense enough to support organisms Has high viscosity Experiences variations in temperature and salinity Contains variable amounts of dissolved gases Has high transparency Has a dramatic change of pressure with depth Marine organisms have various adaptations for the conditions of the marine environment

Need for physical support Condition: Seawater is dense enough to support marine organisms Adaptations: Many marine organisms lack rigid skeletons, appendages, or vast root systems Instead, they rely on buoyancy and friction to maintain their position within the water column

Need for physical support

Seawater’s viscosity controlled by temperature Condition: Seawater’s viscosity (resistance to flow) is strongly affected by temperature Cold water has higher viscosity than warm water, so is more difficult to swim through Warm water has lower viscosity, so organisms tend to sink within the water column

Seawater’s viscosity controlled by temperature Adaptations: Many warm-water organisms have ornate appendages to say afloat Many cold-water organisms are streamlined to swim more easily Warm-water copepod Cold-water copepod Figure 12-7

Warm-water copepod

Cold-water copepod

Bellwork: 09/17/2012 1) You are investigating plankton found in a bay near your fancy expensive house, and you notice that the plankton have many appendages branching from the main body of the organism. From this, you can conclude what about the water in the bay? For what reason would the plankton have these appendages?

Bellwork: 09/17/2012 2) What percentage of total known species are aquatic? What percentage of that percentage are Benthic? Pelagic? Why do you think that is the case? 3) If you are “new” to my class you probably still owe me a ton of work from the first unit that you missed. Don’t forget to get that done: consolaquatc.com

Seawater’s viscosity and adaptations of phytoplankton Condition: Phytoplankton must remain in sunlit surface waters Adaptations: Small size increases surface area to volume ratio Appendages increase frictional resistance Tiny droplet of low density oil increases buoyancy Figure 12-8

Variations in temperature Condition: Coastal water temperatures vary more than the open ocean or at depth Adaptations: Many coastal organisms can withstand a wide temperature range (are eurythermal, “broad”) Most open ocean and deep-water organisms can withstand only a small temperature range (are stenothermal, “narrow”)

Variations in salinity Condition: Coastal environments experience greater salinity variation than the open ocean or at depth Adaptations: Many shallow-water coastal organisms can withstand a wide salinity range (are euryhaline) Most open ocean and deep-water organisms can withstand only a small change in salinity (are stenohaline). “steno” = narrow range

Osmosis Condition: Osmosis is the movement of water molecules through a semipermeable membrane from higher to lower concentrations Osmosis removes water from hypotonic organisms Osmosis adds water to hypertonic organisms Figure 12-13

Osmosis Adaptations:

Dissolved gases: Oxygen Condition: Marine animals need oxygen to survive Adaptations: Many marine animals use gills to extract dissolved oxygen from seawater Marine mammals must breathe air Figure 12-15

Abundance of dissolved oxygen and nutrients with depth Figure 12-20

Seawater’s high transparency Condition: Seawater has high transparency Adaptations: Transparency Camouflage Countershading Migration (DSL) Camouflage Countershading Figure 12-17

Seawater’s high transparency Camouflage

Seawater’s high transparency Camouflage

Seawater’s high transparency Camouflage

Seawater’s high transparency Camouflage

Seawater’s high transparency Countershading

Hachet fish & Chromatophores

Bellwork: 09/11/2013 In the first 30 minutes of class you must complete the following: Change water, making sure to remove at least down to the line drawn on your tank Scrub algae from the glass & the filter intakes Make sure to refill your tank to the top binding of the tank Turn in a copy of the following to Mr. Young & keep a copy for yourself: Freshwater tanks: DO, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, pH, temperature, Saltwater tanks: DO, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, pH, temperature, water hardness (kH), calcium, phosphate Your remaining time is dedicated to working on your History of Oceanography presentation

Bellwork: 09/12/2013 What type of cells are used to change an aquatic organism’s color? When considering temperature & salinity, describe the differences in coastal waters & open ocean waters.

The deep scattering layer (DSL) Organisms within the deep scattering layer undertake a daily migration to hide in deep, darker waters during daytime Figure 12B

Increase of pressure with depth Condition: Pressure increases rapidly with depth Adaptations: Most marine organisms lack large compressible air pockets inside their bodies Water-filled bodies exert the same amount of pressure as is pushing inward, so marine organisms do not feel the high pressure at depth

Divisions of the marine environment Main divisions: Pelagic (open sea) Benthic (sea bottom) Figure 12-19

Abundance of dissolved oxygen and nutrients with depth Figure 12-20

By yourself: Draw or describe a made up organism that can be found in the following zones: Euphotic Disphotic Aphotic Hadal At least one must be benthic. The following characteristics/strategies must be included: DSL, counter shading, chromatophores, camouflage, euro/stenothermal, euro/stenohaline, meroplanktonic. List the common name of 4 benthic organisms within the classroom List the common names of 3 organisms using camouflage & describe the camouflage. When a fish is stressed it will often lose its color (bleaching) or become very dark to blend into the background. The cells responsible for this action are called ___________.

Collect the following data: Salt Water Tanks Only: - Water Hardness DO - Phosphate Turbidity - Salinity Nitrate - Calcium Nitrite Ammonia pH Temperature

In groups of no more than 3: List the common name of 4 benthic organisms within the classroom List the common names of 3 organisms using camouflage & describe the camouflage. When a fish is stressed it will often lose its color (bleaching) or become very dark to blend into the background. The cells responsible for this action are called ___________.

In groups of no more than 3: 4. Using a microscope: Create a sample from solution A Observe the specimen under the ideal magnification & draw the organism. Is this sample phytoplankton or zooplankton? Living in warm water or cold water? Explain. Repeat the steps with sample B 5. Using a microscope: Observe & draw the following samples under an ideal magnification: Planaria, Sea Urchin development, Marine Diatoms, Volvox, Spirogyra Label each sample as: nektonic, planktonic, or benthic. Explain your reasoning.