O CEANS AND THE S EA Or: Water, water everywhere, nor any drop to drink…

H OW MUCH WATER IS THERE ? Y

H OW MUCH WATER IS THERE ? 332,500,000 cubic miles all told. That’s a sphere 860 miles in diameter (USGS)

C REATING A WATER BUDGET In the next several slides we will create what is known as a water budget. This will help us account for all of the water on Earth.

W HERE IS ALL OF THAT WATER ? Lets list some places where we find water…

W ATER BUDGET Create a “T” chart on the page in your notes. It will need to be about 9-10 lines tall and full width on your page.

W ATER BUDGET LocationPercentage Oceans 96.5% Saline lakes and g.w. About 1% Fresh water 2.5% Numbers below are % of the fresh water. Glaciers and Ice Caps about 68% Lakes and rivers about.5 % Ground Water about 30% Soil moisture about.005% Atmosphere about.0001% Plants and Animals about.0001%

O CEAN WATER

W HAT MAKES S EAWATER … WELL … S EAWATER ? Seawater is salty. This property is known as SALINITY. The amount of dissolved solids in seawater. Expressed in parts per thousand

R ULE OF CONSTANT COMPOSITION This states that the major components of salt in the Oceans are the same all over the world Do not be tempted to think that this means all seawater is equally salty across the globe.

6 C ONSTANT COMPOSITION COMPONENTS Chloride- Cl g/1000g seawater Sodium- Na g/1000g seawater Sulfate- SO g/1000g seawater Magnesium- Mg g/1000g seawater Calcium- Ca g/1000g seawater Potassium- K g/1000g seawater

W HAT ELSE IS DISSOLVED IN THE O CEAN ? Gasses Oxygen and Nitrogen- the main gasses in seawater Carbon Dioxide- while not a major component of the atmosphere, there is a large amount of it in seawater.

C ARBON D IOXIDE AND THE OCEAN The ocean holds about 60% more Carbon Dioxide than the atmosphere This means the ocean is a Carbon Sink Capture and holds extra carbon dioxide Since this gas traps and holds heat from the Sun, the ocean is important in helping to maintain Earth’s temperature

F ACTORS THAT CHANGE THINGS Warmer Temperatures Less gas, more solids Lower dissolved gas, higher salinity Cooler Temperatures More gas dissolved, less solids Higher dissolved gas, lower salinity Precipitation More precipitation means lower salinity

S EAWATER SALINITY AT 10 M DEPTH

C ROSS SECTION SHOWING DIFFERENT SALINITY AT DIFFERENT DEPTHS

W HERE DOES SALINITY COME FROM ? The salt in the ocean was once part of a rock. These minerals weather out of the rocks and are carried to the sea.

O CEAN TEMPERATURE The ocean has layers with different temperatures The layer where the temperature changes fastest is the Thermocline

T EMPERATURE ALSO EFFECTS Much like with the mantle of the Earth, warm water is less dense than cold water The heating and cooling of seawater drives some circulation in the ocean.