 Limbic System  Emotions & higher mental functions  Blends primitive emotions (rage, fear, joy, sadness) with high mental functions (reason, memory)

 Anatomy  Hippocampus Seahorse shaped structure Deep in temporal lobe Involved in storage of long-term memory Injured cannot form new memories  Amygdala Allows us to feel certain emotions and to perceive them in other people This includes fear and the many changes that it causes in the body

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. hippocampus thalamus hypothalamus olfactory bulb olfactory tract corpus callosum amygdala

 Memory & Learning  Memory ability to hold a thought in mind or to recall events from the past Range from a word we learned yesterday to an early emotional experience that shaped our lives  Learning Takes place when we retain and utilize our past memories

 Types of memory  Short-term memory This ability to hold on to a piece of information temporarily in order to complete a task It causes certain regions of the brain to become very active, in particular the pre-frontal lobe It holds a small amount of information (typically around 7 items or even less) readily-available state for a short period of time (typically from 10 to 15 seconds, or sometimes up to a minute).

 Long-term memory  anything you remember that happened more than a few minutes ago  Long-term memories can last for just a few days, or for many years

 Semantic memory Idea, concepts and meanings General knowledge about the world Names of colours, capital of Canada Basic facts that have been collected over lifetimes  Episodic memory recollection of specific events, situations and experiences Your first day of school, your first kiss, attending a friend's birthday party and your brother's graduation

 Skill memory Involved in performing skills Riding bike, playing hockey, using a keyboard Skills that become automatic or learned

 Case study:  Physicist named SS hippocampus was selectivley destroyed by a virus  Had a high IQ  Could remember childhood events, physicis equations  Forgot recent experiences within minutes  k k  k k

 Long-term memories are stored in bits and pieces throughout sensory association areas in cerebral cortex  Visions stored in visual association area  Sounds stored in auditory association area  Hippocampus involved in storage of short- term memory and storing into Long-term memories

 Language and Speech  Language is dependent upon semantic memory  involves Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas. Damage to broca’s area can result in inability to speak Damage to Wernicke’s area inability to comprehend speech

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. motor speech (Broca’s area) primary motor area sensory speech (Wernicke’s area) primary visual area primary auditory area